To analyze Michael Sandel's argument in The Case against Perfection Essay

To break down Michael Sandel's contention in The Case against Perfection and make and contend a case about it - Essay Example Improvements are besides pointless to the human valuation for characteristic capacities and the development of abilities in his view. Sandel contends that human energy about existence originates from the way that there is an inconsistent, clearly irregular endowment of abilities, points of interest, and hindrances in the social setting that makes life important through examples of distinction. He holds that disparities in normal capacity and aptitude that make some appalling and others fortunate permit individuals to be caring, as there is a similarly likely possibility that they would have had a similar destiny. At the point when hereditary upgrades lessen the distinctions in ability, Sandel states that the individual’s achievement relies entirely upon whether the individual has settled on the correct choice morally, and through this individual â€Å"responsibility extends to overwhelming proportions.† (Sandel, 87) In analysis, it is hard to accommodate the contentions of Sandel against hereditary designing while deconstructing the rationale he utilizes with respect to pharmaceutical prescriptions, for example, the utilization of Ritalin to improve scholastic execution. Since Ritalin doesn't influence the evident telos of scholastic execution and concentrates all of one’s learning capacity, decreasing possibilities disconnected to training or mending the brain of ADD, it isn't clear for what reason does Sandel not respect it in a similar way as he does running shoes. Besides, in his â€Å"Chariots of Fire† model, even Sandel yields that finding the specific telos for individual translation inside a mind boggling arrangement of contending ways of thinking is some of the time hard for the individual and abstract. Therefore, the telos of an activity might be altogether different in the perspectives on various individuals. In this model, Sandel is dismissing Ritalin not on the rationale of telos as identified with recuperating however o n the safeguarding of imbalance as he characterizes the profound quality. Since, in his view, just the distinctions among individuals permit them to acknowledge life, and because of the uncertainty of telos as he characterizes it with abstract predisposition and understanding at its root, Sandel’s contention against hereditary designing is less about telos and flawlessness and increasingly a body of evidence against uniformity in the public arena when helped by innovation. The rationale of this contention isn't predictable with the transformative changes of human cognizance, nor does it speak to the new worldview of human development spoke to by the Information Age. Sandel titles his book â€Å"The Case Against Perfection† so as to show his position against the â€Å"Promethean goal to remake† human instinct. (Sandel, 26) He contends for an idea of the skill of life contradicted to hereditary improvements by expressing that as people upgrade themselves to the fu rthest reaches of building, the inconstancy in human gifts decline by and large and the playing field is leveled. In spite of the fact that note that contrasts between the decisions that individuals make despite everything exist, â€Å"we [would] ascribe less to possibility and more to choice,† and moral duty would increment to overwhelming extents as individuals become morally and ethically answerable for each part of their lives. (Sandel, 87) Yet despite the fact that he fears that hereditary improvements would situate an excess of weight on the individual’s choices, Sandel is completely on the side of mending the lamentable. The issue lies in that permitting the recuperating of the terrible suggests that equivalent standardization of capacities that upgrade does. When Tiger Woods has a similar ideal vision as different golf players

The Health Risks of Childhood Obesity free essay sample

The paper talks about the issue of youth weight and investigates the potential causes. Furthermore, the paper examines with respect to what ought to be done to determine this issue. This paper presents an investigation directed on the expanding number of youngsters classed as overweight or stout The creator looks at how youth heftiness frequently loans to adulthood corpulence, and how this may offer ascent to an enormous general medical issue later on. The particular point of the exploration study is to discover the purposes behind the presence of the issue of weight among the youngsters, to examine the outcomes of the issue on the physical and emotional well-being of the individual and to propose various answers for the issue. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Health Risks of Childhood Obesity or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The examination plan is created with the intend to recognize the wellbeing dangers related with youth heftiness. The exploration targets therefore characterized focus on the recognizable proof of the wellbeing dangers related with the issue and on proposing the potential answers for the issue. Besides, it is the goal of our exploration to discover the potential reasons for the issue and to characterize explicit apparatuses that are utilized for the distinguishing proof of the issue. We have taken an example of 30 people comprising of 15 young ladies and 15 young men inside an age breaking point of 6-10 years. The example is removed from a wide populace of the kids going to schools and confronting the issue of heftiness. Examining is done on arbitrary premise as it was the most helpful and least difficult technique for testing when managing such a gigantic populace. The examination discoveries depend on the perceptions of the conduct of the kids regarding their dietary patterns, physi cal exercises and so on. The point was to distinguish the reasons and outcomes of heftiness. After distinguishing proof of the issue and the reasons for the issue a few proposals are made so as to defeat the issue of corpulence.

Population demographic for australia Essay Example

Populace segment for australia Essay Example Populace segment for australia Essay Populace segment for australia Essay Australia has become the 52nd most crowded nation on the planet. Populace Demographics and its assorted variety have assumed a key job in molding the very establishments of todays culture. This can be seen through the transparencies of our neighborhood networks and the various profiles that exist together inside. This basic audit will look at the populace socioeconomics of the Fairfield City Council. Through various sources including; (Fairfield a background marked by the District, Geographical Research-suggestions for Australia urban communities and locale, Fairfield Matured Services Survey and Fairfield City-the Community profile) this report will distinguish the current systems of the present scene delineated in those sources, while additionally assessing the qualities and shortcoming of the articles themselves. Outline The primary bit of article being inspected is the Geographical survey discharged from the 2010 Intergenerational report (IGRP). The paper investigations the present patterns and likely headings in the populace and dispersion and the significant ramifications from the countries metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions, relating straightforwardly the Fairfield city zone. Further to this, it additionally disconnects and pinpoints the reason the development is based exclusively and driven by the impacts and reasons for migration. This is obviously appeared through the ethnic decent variety in the Fairfield zone. McGuire and Argent (2011) Journal article further speaks to this. It expresses that 80% of the populace inside Fairfield is ethnic including dialects of Spanish, Arabic/Assyrian, Vietnamese and English. Furthermore, the Fairfield city-Community Profile discharged scripturally on the Fairfield city chamber site traces the measurements related with the different populace of the Fairfield city zone. The Fairfield City Community Profile gives segment investigation to the city and its rural areas dependent on results from the 2011, 2001, 1996, and 1991 censuses of Population. Led by the chamber, the examination separates Fairfield city into littler territories of portrayal and consequently the various ethnicities, age and sexual orientation inside those zones. Thirdly, the distribution of Vance Georges Fairfield A History of the District was composed dependent on the early looks into directed in the sasss, where he acknowledged commission from the Fairfield City Council to analyze the elements of the Fairfield neighborhood government. Meetings were lead to investigations the chronicles of residents of their recollections inside the locale. Furthermore, Vance George began to compose paper articles about Fairfield history and agreed a progression of notes for those looking for data about the zones past, or for understudies undertaking nearby history ventures. The regular subject behind the entirety of his works, gladly guarantee that Fairfield has the most noteworthy transient populace of any neighborhood government territory in the country, with the biggest Italian, Yugoslavian and South-East people group in Australia. At last, the Aged Services study was authorized and financed by the State Library of NEWS award to find why senior outsider utilize the library short of what others and how training can be expanded. In an Australian and conceivable the universes first the overview investigated the conduct of library and non-library clients in three distinct dialects: Assyrian/Arabic , Spanish and Vietnamese. Composed by salary, social and mentality attributes of every segment gatherings and recommendations in favoring further acclimatizing approaches inside the network. In conclusion, the review shows that the 193,000 populace can be separated into three gathering Arabic/Assyrian, Spanish and Vietnamese. Evaluate Through a sound examination the proof picked up has recognized that the populace geographic of Fairfield city is a multicultural and various area. Every one of the four sources bring up that the segment of Fairfield is populated by settlers from districts of the world which comprise of three significant gatherings; these gatherings are of Spanish, Assyrian/Arabic and Vietnamese foundations. The contrast between every one of these sources is that they dont distinguish explicit attributes of the gatherings in question. The sources are not reliable with data in regards to age, sexual orientation and the quantity of people that are Australian brought into the world with guardians brought into the world abroad. The principle thoughts to why all the sources were composed are to show Fairfield city as the most differently populated locale in Australia. The fundamental viewpoints secured by the sources incorporate data with respect to the matter of overviews being led all through the Fairfield locale on how it has consistently been socially differing area. All through studies led the data got has persuade that it has consistently been an extremely social district, these studies where done from the asses towards late 2011. Examining is done for the most part since it is difficult to test each and every person in the populace. It is additionally never really time, cash and exertion while directing the exploration. The examining utilized by the scientists gave encourages the perusers to see plainly that they have utilized likelihood inspecting. Likelihood testing ensures that the peruser comprehends that the study directed permitted each person in the populace have equivalent possibility of being chosen as a subject for the exploration, this was done with the goal that the data acquired was as precise as could be expected under the circumstances. The sources gave obviously appear through this strategy they have accomplished their objective of attempting to show assorted variety within the Fairfield city locale. Populace geology is perhaps the most datum rich fields in the order. This is on the grounds that most networks lead extensive censuses around like clockwork; this is appeared in the sources gave. These contain such data as sexual orientation, age and ethnic foundation. In the models gave the Fairfield city chamber led reviews between 1970 to 2011. This information is kept up by the Fairfield chamber and Australian Government. Populace information is additionally accessible through government archives like birth and passing testaments. Governments, colleges and private associations additionally ark to direct various reviews and studies to assemble information about populace particulars and conduct that could be identified with points in populace geology. As an occupant of Fairfield city, I can agree with the information being given to perusers that it is persuading in light of the fact that all the various sorts of information gave in various sources give data of a similar sort. All the sources information inside tables and charts is fundamentally the same as and there are no significant contrasts inside the numbers gave in their exploration. End assorted as far as various societies living in one part of the wide populace. Fairfield city is the most populated city in Australia as far as having diverse ethnic foundations in the one locale. From when the primary review was directed around there until the latest overview, a multicultural decent variety has consistently been a significant piece of the development towards Fairfield City, Multiculturalism has consistently assumed a significant job in the improvement of the city. This is likewise appeared in Australias migration drive that has permitted 60% of the Australian culture with vagrant foundations. The sources that I have given all rehash a similar assorted variety in the Fairfield city populace segment.

Internet shopping is the high street store doomed Coursework

Web shopping is the high road store bound - Coursework Example The utilization of the Internet for buying merchandise and enterprises has tremendous potential. The Internet empowers shoppers to shop or do exchanges 24 hours per day, the entire year around from practically any area. It likewise gives shoppers more decisions and permits them to have snappy examinations. Additionally, it permits purchasers to cooperate, trade thoughts, and to contrast encounters and different clients in the electronic networks. Despite the fact that the Internet offers a scope of focal points that on the whole have been demonstrated to be sufficiently significant to draw in monstrous intrigue, ongoing overviews showed that the entrance pace of Internet shopping stays low. As per online industry body Interactive Media Retail Group, web shopping deals rose from 300m in 1999 to 14.5bn in 20041. This pattern looks set to proceed. As per advertise experts Verdict, on the web shopping was the fastest developing retail area last year2. Indeed, the move away from the high road has even stretched out to shopping through TV, with a blast in the quantities of TV shopping channels. Web shopping is something other than having the option to purchase CDs and DVDs. Individuals who shop online can do their food shopping on the web and have it conveyed to their home. They additionally purchase items like occasions, protection and ventures at less expensive costs than the high road. Shopping on the web brings numerous advantages which the high road can't bring, counting: Decision - Online shopping offers simple access to a more extensive scope of items than the high road, and purchasers can search around more effectively for best arrangements. Comfort - Online shopping can spare time and things can be conveyed at the doorstep. Incentive for cash - Many organizations offer free conveyance and frequently... Amazon.com (NASDAQ: AMZN) appears to sell pretty much every conceivable classification of retail products under the sun nowadays, as the respected online e-posterior has extended from books just to vehicle parts, hardware, staple goods and even pet provided. So, a large portion of these classifications are items. Indeed, what about administrations Why doesn't Amazon.com sell them Or in any event, permit outsiders to sell administrations at the site of the world's biggest online retail shopping webpage (Blogging stocks). The utilization of the Internet for buying merchandise and ventures has tremendous potential. The Internet empowers buyers to shop or do exchanges 24 hours per day, the entire year around from practically any area. It additionally gives buyers more decisions and permits them to have fast correlations. Additionally, it permits buyers to associate, trade thoughts, and to contrast encounters and different clients in the electronic networks. In spite of the fact that the Internet offers a scope of points of interest that on the whole have been demonstrated to be sufficiently significant to pull in gigantic intrigue, late reviews exhibited that the infiltration pace of Internet shopping stays low. It is a typical act of individuals to believe what they see truly and doubt everything that seems, by all accounts, to be virtual with the dread of losing cash and fulfillment. Coming up next are the different parts of high road stores and individuals getting them: Shopping used to be

Creating False Memories Essay Example for Free

Making False Memories Essay The mind works in odd manners. The article entitled â€Å"Creating False Memories†, by Elizabeth F. Loftus, is an article about simply that. The examinations remembered for the article are evidence that the cerebrum can contort certain recollections so as to fit them to a proposal made by another person; or a recommendation can make whole bogus recollections. A few people are more helpless than others to â€Å"remember† a bogus memory when a proposal is made, yet all things considered, anybody could â€Å"remember† a bogus memory. The article appeared to call attention to that more established recollections that would be less obvious in the first place, for example, beloved recollections, are simpler for recommendations to contort than a memory that occurred as of late. While perusing the area captioned â€Å"Imagination Inflation†, it became clear that even one that was perusing the article, in the event that one took the model proposals given in the article, at that point it would be inconceivably enticing to recollect things that were envisioned. One would understand that it was just creative mind at work, yet whenever asked a couple of days after the fact what was recollected about it, it is anything but difficult to accept that it was a genuine memory. By what method can one genuinely recognize memory and creative mind? On the other hand, is the memory of a demonstration of creative mind not a genuine memory in itself? There are numerous ways that one could be befuddled regarding this matter, on the grounds that in fact, recollections of envisioned things can be genuine recollections. Memory and creative mind are so firmly related that it would be exceptionally hard to differentiate between the two. What was particularly mind blowing about this article was the segment captioned â€Å"Impossible Memories. † Individuals really recalled angles from their second day of life, despite the fact that this is restoratively unthinkable. It is normal information that individuals can't start to shape recollections that would be recalled into adulthood until the age of a few. However, given a recommendation, individuals will simply go for it. It could be the â€Å"imagination inflation† hypothesis at work, and it most likely is. Numerous individuals are affected day by day about what happens when youngsters are conceived or how kids are dealt with in a clinic directly after birth. Individuals hear stories, see the situation in TV and film, and maybe have been there when a kin was conceived. Be that as it may, can certain individuals really recollect their births or presently? All things considered, there are exemptions to each standard. This article made for intriguing perusing. The examinations utilized are noteworthy and it bodes well. It is difficult to accept that therapists can, either purposely or accidentally, give their patients recommendations so as to make bogus recollections. What number of individuals are extremely mindful of what others state to them or how it may influence them? The article is convincing and it makes one mull over how their cerebrum functions. It makes one consider what number of the â€Å"memories† one accepts are genuine recollections from youth are in reality evident recollections or bogus recollections. Where adolescence is concerned, most people need to depend on guardians or family members to transfer stories, however consider the possibility that those recollections are mistaken. This is the purpose of the article. The human mind is so muddled and fragile that in the event that one isn't cautious who comprehends what sort of harm should be possible. Loftus, Elizabeth F. â€Å"Creating False Memories. † Scientific American. 277. 3 (September 1997): 70-75.

Magical Attic Eclipse Doggy Super Teacher Coloring Page

Magical Attic Eclipse Doggy Super Teacher Coloring Page A fine-detail coloring page that supports pre-writing skills Help children develop fine-motor and pre-writing skills with this Magical Attic coloring page featuring Eclipse Doggy as a true superhero - a teacher! This printable features complex shapes and fine-detail images to build skills and creativity. BCP Imagines BCP Imagines BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic?, where anything is possible,? was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

Platos Attitude Towards Wealth And Material Prosperity - 275 Words

What Is Plato's Attitude Towards Wealth And Material Prosperity? (Essay Sample) Content: Plato RepublicNameInstitutionPlato Republic 1 What is Plato's attitude towards wealth and material prosperity?Plato maintains an altitude that is based on virtues such as honesty. When creating wealth, the principle motive of an individual should be happiness. Plato emphasizes the need for perfection of skills as the prerequisite to genuine wealth creation. In the dialogue, a craftsman who makes errors is not credible and lacks sufficient knowledge.Similarly, Plato has a negative attitude on wealth and prosperity that is driven the need for money as opposed to improving the sense of humanity well-being.The satisfactions that result from serving others makes the person complete and constitute real happiness. For instance, the doctor who delights in rendering his services to treat the patient is better than the one whose objective is to make money (341c). When people try to outdo each other, they have higher tendencies to unjust practices such as stealing public resourc es and trying to cover up by seeking power in the public positions. 2 Plato gives three additional conceptions of justice in Book IV of the Republic. Give their detail and explain how they support one another.The first conception is the Job-functional justice whereby, the action of people determines what is just or unjust....

Self Assessment Of Clinical Skills - 829 Words

Self-Assessment of Clinical Skills My interest in providing culturally competent care inspired me to become a nurse practitioner, but most of all the inspirations came from the wonderful diverse patients I have had the privilege to care for throughout my nursing career. My primary objective is to care for underserved population communities. In my career, I have seen lives been cut short that would have been saved if only they had made it to the hospital in time. But because of reasons including lack of health care access, knowledge how to access care, cultural and religious beliefs, language barrier, and fear of being judged by medical professionals led them not seek medical attention. As defined by a State Nurse Practitioner Organization, â€Å"A nurse practitioner is a registered professional nurse who is prepared through advanced graduate education and clinical training to provide health care services including diagnosis and management of common as well as complex medical condition to individual of all age† (Buppert, 2015, p. 1). But the difference between nurse practitioners (NP) and another discipline is that NP focuses on risk assessment, health promotion, prevention, counseling, and education. Active listening is a difficult task for most providers, but I have learned if you take few minutes out of your busy schedule to listen and get to know your patient will provide you with valuable clues that will lead you to a proper assessment and diagnostic test for the diagnosis.Show MoreRelatedClinical Practices Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Clinical Practices Tammy Turner ABA RN, BSN Hsn 552 November 4, 2013 Susan Dolinar PhD, RN, CNE Clinical Practices For the needs of the patients, families, and the health care consumers, and health care practice current assessment practices should be maintained by using evidence –based practices. Health care professionals are expected to demonstrate competent practice within the society. Determining sufficient of clinical assessments and the evaluation of the nursingRead MoreA Reflection On Learning Theories And Assessment Strategies1616 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge and skills based on evolving knowledge based practice. 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What are the strengths and weaknesses inherent in formal psychological testing? Why might you choose formal psychological testing techniques and for what types of clients? What limitations should be considered: Are there different considerations for objective and subjective assessment techniques? The Role of Psychological Assessment in Counseling or Clinical Practice Psychological assessment assessesRead MoreReflection of Care Management1739 Words   |  7 Pagesscenario 2 (Mrs Green) and how it has assisted me in meeting the module learning outcomes and build up my clinical skill such as Privacy and Dignity, Personal Hygiene, Elimination, Fluid Balance. Catheter Care, Pressure Area Care, Moving and Handling, Observation and Rapid Assessment. 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Lake Forest College Admissions Acceptance Rate, SAT...

The Present Day College Admission Marketplace - 1170 Words

The present day college admission marketplace in the United States is part of an extensive historical evolution. In the 1920s, broadened public interest and the burgeoning of the credit industry led to the first waves of democratization in the higher education arena (Kimball, 2011). The subsequent professionalization and a growing pattern of stratification in the admissions marketplace have seen institutions of all types using increasingly sophisticated mechanisms to attract qualified applicants (Duffy and Goldberg, 1998). With the release of the first U.S. News World Report rankings in 1983 (Morse, 2008), public perception of college admission significantly shifted and colleges began to adopt widespread enrollment management†¦show more content†¦With the exception of the eligibility-based model which champions â€Å"entitlement† and â€Å"open access†, the other three models are selective in nature in that students are compared against one another on the basi s of certain criteria before an admissions decision is made. The most common and basic philosophy adopted by institutions is the performance-based model, which judges applicants based on their demonstrated performance prior to college. This model is advanced through two approaches, meritocracy and character. The meritocracy approach views acceptance into an institution as a reward for prior academic achievement, while the character approach focuses on personal qualities such as resilience and civic virtue (the College Board, 2002). In addition, many colleges also assess students based on their ability to benefit from higher education. The two approaches under this theme include the enhancement approach and the mobilization approach. The former is intended to identify and nurture talent while the latter promotes social and economic mobility (the College Board, 2002). These approaches attempt to contextualize previous accomplishments in light of the student’s circumstances and accord value to unrealized potential. The final philosophical model evaluates students based on their ability to contribute to the institution and society if admitted, both in the short run and long run. In the short run,

The Void of Learning Explained in Plato’s Allegory of the...

After reading Plato’s Allegory of the Cave I began to wonder whether or not others have encountered an experience similar to what Socrates described here. In the cave Plato conjures up the theory that humans and the prisoners in a cave have similar characteristics. One of the characteristics is that we are close-minded people until someone or something comes along to prove that our ideas are incorrect in some way, shape, or form. As humans we have an interesting way in which we learn things and this is exhibited throughout the Allegory of the Cave. In the cave Socrates envisioned three prisoners that had been there since birth. Chains bound the prisoners by their legs and necks and all they knew of the world was the shadows that danced along the cave’s wall in front of them. The only light in the cave is from a fire that is a great distance behind them and elevated. Between them and the fire lies a road that has a wall built in front of it in sections. Behind the wall people carry a variety of artifacts, which stretch above the wall and cast forth shadows against the cave wall in front of the prisoners (Solomon). The prisoners are chained so that they cannot turn around and see what is behind them and therefore can only depict what they see from the shadows, which may be skewed from the way the light casts them on the wall. Behind the prisoners is another wall that obscures the shadows of the people carrying the artifacts so that the only thing being cast along

Inventory Management Free Essays

Purpose of research A study of inventory management is undertaken in order to know the inventory performance and position of selected companies and to know the strength and weakness and to assess the profitability of the companies. Inventories constitute most significant part of assets of large majority of the companies in India. Inventory a double edged sword is usually an asset of an organization, if not used properly it will become liability. We will write a custom essay sample on Inventory Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is therefore absolutely very important to manage inventories efficiently and effectively in order to overcome unnecessary investment. Excessive stock, or excess inventory, is the result of bad management of stock demand or of material flow in process management. Excessive stock is also associated with loss of revenue owing to additional capital bound with the purchase or simply storage space taken. Shortage of stocks leads to loss of business, hence inventory management plays a key role. Literature review: †¢Article on inventory management by weilege †¢Case study on coco-cola bottling inventory management by S. L Adyemi †¢Article on inventory management by James H Aim: â€Å"To identify the problems/challenges involved in the Inventory Management process† Objectives: 1. To study the inventory control measures and methods of valuation of inventory of selected companies in India of manufacturing industry 2. To identify problems related to inventory management specific to manufacturing industry of selected companies 3. To make a comparative study of inventory management of selected companies under manufacturing industries and to offer suggestions for effective inventory management Hypothesis: Research hypothesis: â€Å"Optimum inventory management leads to profitability of companies† Research methodology: a)Primary data: The primary data will be collected by personal interviews with officials. b) Secondary data Files, annual reports, periodicals, manuals and text book. Which have already been passed through the statistical process are the secondary data used. Scope of the study: †¢ This study is to find the facts and opinions of inventory management and control of selected companies under manufacturing industries. †¢ In accordance with the present trends it aims mainly at finding out the inventory control procedures. Limitation of the study †¢ The study is related to only specific or selected companies in India of manufacturing industries. Proposed content of the dissertation: 1. Chapter 1: introduction 2. Chapter 2: literature review 3. Chapter 3: data collection and research methodology 4. Chapter 4: analysis and data interpretations 5. Chapter 5: findings and recommendations 6. Chapter 6: Conclusion 7. Bibliography 8. Annexure Work plan: First two weeks : literature review next two weeks: data collection for the project next four weeks: analysis and interpretation of data next two weeks: Findings and suggestions or recommendations next two weeks: compiling of project report last few weeks : correction of report and final report preparation. How to cite Inventory Management, Essay examples

Qantas Airways Strategic Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss aboiut the Qantas Airways Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction The Qantas Airways are the largest airline in Australia. The airline began in business by transporting mails and passengers. Currently, the company has its operations almost 140 destinations globally and largest employer in Australia with around 37,000 employees(Pearson Merkert, 2014). Human resource management operates in four areas: corporate, business segment, development and learning and shared services. The market segment, the HR staff, collaborates with other business segments to ensure delivery of the services that will assist in the competitive advantage. At corporate level, the HRM handles staffs remunerations, benefits, development of the management and industrial relations of the company with its competitors. Under, the development and learning, the HRM comes up with training programs to assist the worker in delivering work efficiently. Finally, the human resource has duties in the firm and under shared service(Hampson, Junor, Gregson, 2012). The paper will discuss the i ndustry attractiveness, resources, capabilities, core competencies and competitive advantages of the airline in great details, and come up with appropriate recommendation and conclusion. Currently, the aviation sector has been very competitive in many countries globally. Concerning the Qantas, although it is the largest aircraft in the Australia with higher domestic passengers, it is threaten by other emerging airlines worldwide(Hussain, Al Nasser, Hussain, 2015). Michael Porter model will help understand more about the Qantas airliner structure. Qantas operates a virgin blue airline with low cost. However, looking at the cost leadership strategy, it cannot help in the current competitive condition. It is because each aviation airline focuses on the cost reduction, and services delivery and having an excellent product that out does the competitor. And so, Qantas can concentrate on the differentiation strategy to strengthen the company to deal with other the competitor. Threat of the new entrant For instance, the Tiger Airways plans to set up a new base in Victoria's Avalon airport. For that reason, Qantas should know to create hurdles to a new competitor from global aviation like using price tactic with the jet star airline as subsidiary(Bereznoy, 2015). Also, association strategy crucial in building trouble Qantass competitors to create brand worth by diversity; create superiority feeling of the Qantas customers. To save time, individuals use a plane as a means of transport between countries or inaccessible places. Due to the alternatives such as automobiles, vessels and trains, the airline should try to come up with diverse options and encourage travelling at a lower cost to influence customers. The two primary provider of the aviation industry is aircraft manufacturer and fuel supplier. Qantas contracts the aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing, Bombardier and Airbus(Piercy, 2009). Hence, the influence of the airliner engineering firm can be great to transact with the Qantas airline. Another major supplier of the airline is the fuel which comes at higher cost. Both locally and all over the world, bargaining influence of the consumers can be extraordinary. Nationally, Qantas has a jet star which has several routes at comparatively low cost. Tiger Airways Australia is alternative airline offering a reasonably little price carriage (Piercy, 2009). Similarly, the bargaining control of the buyers in the global airline industry can be substantial. Consequently, numerous airlines are operating at a lower cost, offering several options and different promotion. So, Qantas should have a quality product at the lower price in various channels such as websites and travel agency. Core competencies The core competencies consist of the production process, staff, customer relationship and abilities of the acquaintance which assist in the company to reach its goals and objectives (Pearson Merkert, 2014). Similarly, strategic planning shows the possible method that the organization can come about in future. Also, the company can go along the new core competencies to create benefits and success. A strategic design like information and social planning is the ways to define the senior management. For the case of the Qantas airline, the organizations core competencies are exceptional airline with outstanding services (Park, 2007). Qantas airline utilizes their core competencies to make the corporation have competitive advantages. The Qantas airline employs their essential capabilities with Qantas and jet star airline; which are reliable trademark. Possessions are intangible or physical assets that business implements into corporate plans (Cui Li, 2015). Although the market advances powers and limits, a firms reaction to the resources capability and distribution development becomes a basis of competitive advantage. Thus, the capacity is how the company uses its resources to have a competitive advantage. For instance, for the Qantas airline, it has a cheapest and groundbreaking approach to the price cutting (Park, 2007). Additionally, it has simple processes and concentrates on the particular market segment. The Qantas airline has resources such as human resources, financials assets, intellectual capital and physical properties. Michael Porter's model comprises of generic strategies consisting of cost leadership, differentiate and focus strategy(Daft Albers, 2013). The airline manages two brands; Qantas and jet star airlines. Moreover, the company has other subsidiaries such has Qantas link, jet connect; jet star Airways and Express Freighters Australia. Differentiation strategy Through the differentiation approaches, the enterprise can lift the worth of the products to the commuters. In Qantas aviation firm, the safety and protection are primary consideration. Qantas group operates over 330,000 flights per year(Rieple Helm, 2008). Therefore, the organization is confident about outstanding management on safety platforms which differentiate it from other competitors. In addition, the Qantas international flights such as A380, A330 and B747 have provision for in-flight entertainment. Also, the airline provides its members with over 130 lounges globally with necessary facilities. Qantas groups operate various trips which totals to 173 terminals in 42 nation states. Thus, with grouping with other partner airways, it can heighten the significance of the product and create good customer relationship(Dwyer Edwards, 2009). Jet star centers on dropping cost of flights so as to capture market share with the main brand in a different market segment (Pearson Merkert, 2014). However, currently, there are airlines which still offer low-cost. For the airline to deal with leading competitor, it has to form partnership strategy so as offer lower prices than other fare airlines. Air Asia and jet star provide unsurpassed reach in the Asia-pacific region, with a reduced cost and more routes than their competitor and therefore this partnership alliance makes it maximize and enjoy economies of scale (Frederick Patil, 2009). Building on the same point, jet star recognizes the fast sale at a lower price to create new promotion and attract more customers quickly(Frederick Patil, 2009). SWOT analysis Qantas has a power which helps to compete with other airline industry. Qantas has an excellent marketing skill and perfect brand building exercises. It is through promotions and marketing which makes the company a noticeable airline service provider. It is well known that the enterprise is a long term partners of the cricket team and sponsor of formula one in Australia(Frederick Patil, 2009). Qantas has impressive and excellent safety records which are attractive to the passenger. Safe assurance of the passengers enables them to travel using the airline both domestically and internationally places. Additionally, Australia government provides the company with numerous tax benefits which assist the air in acquiring necessary materials at rational price. Moreover, Qantas enjoys the monopoly in the domestic market because it is the only airline in the Australia territory. The airline operating and labor cost is very high which makes it difficult to cope (Cui Li, 2015). So, the airline has some large subsidiaries which make it challenging to deal with complex and cost related hitches. On a regular basis, the airline experiences union disputes. The airline feels the pressure of working out on the employee's demands; the workers raise their demand from anywhere. Another issue is that there is a mixed fleet which makes the pilot train properly to be able to operate them. Training makes the airline to incur an additional operating cost. For Qantas to create a new airline in Asia, need to establish a fundamental relation to other countries government and also its people (Pearson Merkert, 2014). Therefore, the airline needs to capitalize on its strategies in the Asian market to make success like in the domestic country. Due to technology contributing immensely to the globalization, the airline should utilize on the E-commerce operation to extend service which will help to get more customers and offer passengers with more options (Frederick Patil, 2009). The Qantas has a significant market share and well-established ground due to less interest by other airlines in the domestic territory. The rise in labor cost has adverse effects on both short and long term difficulties. As results of pressure from union, force company to raise the wages to its staff at less working hours. It further led to lengthy discussions which affect the airline operation. All airlines have problems with rising fuel costs(Cui Li, 2015). Therefore, there will be effects on the activity, and this causes the airlines to change its focal plans so as tackle changes. Furthermore, for the government to save the small airline from the well-established airline from competition, the government set a strict rule and increases the government regulations(Fu, Homsombat, Oum, 2011). Recommendation Alan Joyce has to help the employees understand the importance of going global and also create a feeling of mutual understanding among the employee; so that they give him 100% desired results. Qantas management has to implement the human resource planning, try to reduce it weakness and try to work with its workers. Qantas has to gain a potential market share because Australia is turning into a business hub and international tourist destination center for the oceanic. The market in Asia has a significant and number of countries such as India, Japan, China, Korea and Singapore(Park, 2007). Since their competitor is less reliable and more expensive, the airlines can provide the special conditions which will attract more customers from their rivals. The airline should know how to tackle the issues of the fuels and labor cost to achieve its goals. The organization should become aware of the regulations protecting small rivals so that the government does not intimidate the airline. Finally , the Allan Joyce can give bonus and benefits to motivate the employees to perform at their optimal level. Conclusions Undoubtedly, Qantas has approved that is customer-driven organization due to its innovative and unique approach supported by the Australia government. There is a strong bond between the airline and customer because of the services offered at business and economy class. Qantas recognitions come as result of the various sponsoring sports which is lucrative and profitable. Additionally, the Qantas employs the strategy of the following limited amount of destination. Hence, fewer destinations make it provide better services in the world so far. Although it could be difficult for the Allan Joyce to maintain and form a continuous relationship with unions, it will help to create a new beginning in the airline history. References Bereznoy, A. (2015). Changing Competitive Landscape Through Business Model Innovation: the New Imperative for Corporate Market Strategy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-22. Cui, Q., Li, Y. (2015). Evaluating energy efficiency for airlines: An application of VFB-DEA. Journal of Air Transport Management, 44, 34-41. Daft, J., Albers, S. (2013). A conceptual framework for measuring airline business model convergence. Journal of Air Transport Management, 28., 47-54. Dwyer, L., Edwards, D. (2009). Tourism product and service innovation to avoid strategic drift. . International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(4), 321-335. Frederick, H., Patil, S. (2009). The dynamics of brand equity, co-branding and sponsorship in professional sports. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 7(1-2), 44-57. Fu, X., Homsombat, W., Oum, T. (2011). Airportairline vertical relationships, their effects and regulatory policy implications. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17(6), 347-353. Hampson, I., Junor, A., Gregson, S. (2012). Missing in action: aircraft maintenance and the recent HRM in the airlines literature. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(12), 2561-2575. Hussain, R., Al Nasser, A., Hussain, Y. (2015.). Service quality and customer satisfaction of a UAE-based airline: An empirical investigation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 167-175. Park, J. (2007). Passenger perceptions of service quality: Korean and Australian case studies. Park, J. W. (2007). Passenger perceptions of service Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(4), 238-242. Pearson, J., Merkert, R. (2014). Airlines-within-airlines: A business model moving East. Journal of Air Transport Management, 38, 21-26. Piercy, N. (2009). Strategic relationships between boundary-spanning functions: Aligning customer relationship management with supplier relationship management. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(8), 857-864. Rieple, A., Helm, C. (2008). Outsourcing for competitive advantage: An examination of seven legacy airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14(5), 280-285.

Is globalization a threat to cultural heritage Essay Example

Is globalization a threat to cultural heritage? Essay IS GLOBALISATION A THREAT TO CULTURAL HERITAGE? Harmonizing to Sati-Al-Husri, the chief factors of Arab patriotism to lift are the religion-Islam and language-Arabic. Culture if the base of a human’s micro environment and individuality ; All along the last 5 decennaries at that place has been a great addition, in the outflow and inflow of people, tradition, civilizations, economic system, net incomes and endowment. And when it’s about the recent development and rapid economic growing, Middle East is the lifting power and can non be neglected. This paper will take, at explicating the assorted factors of civilization and how globalisation influences, more specifically looking into a instance survey of the Middle East as an illustration. The paper reviews the bing globalized and lively media theories and analyses the challenges that the current developments of globalisation nowadays to them. Globalization forces us to to re-think our traditional construct of civilization from the varied territorial construct of transloc al thought that it, no longer purely tied to specific piece of land. The relation between civilization and globalisation Is derived into a theorem, â€Å"globalizing civilization increases similarities between societies and diverseness within societies† ( globalisation techniques, 2008 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Is globalization a threat to cultural heritage? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is globalization a threat to cultural heritage? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is globalization a threat to cultural heritage? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As societal dealingss extend wholly globally through the creative activity and invention of planetary webs and communities, as engineerings of communicating and transit make a broad scope of standardised merchandises available to planetary audiences, societies become more homogeneous, more likewise and more flexible. As the demand for cultural genuineness and cultural exchanges additions, high rate of cultural globalisation generates great cultural diverseness within each and every society. However, this takes topographic point in a planetary universal context marked by of import legendary stairss and actions that have taken topographic point through the yesteryear. The function of media and communicating is frequently the key and besides the chief character in order to analyse the effects and T to understanding cultural globalisation. The current flow of information through every society and province factor is of premier importance to encoding the grounds as to why globalisation may be a menace to civilization. Globalization and communicating are profoundly interlined, Marshall McLuhan is an early theoretician who made the connexion, correlativity and mutuality between media and globalisation by uniting the two constructs: ‘the medium is the message† and the ‘global village’ . Globalization is defined as, a procedure in which world-wide economic, political, cultural and societal dealingss have become progressively and uncontrollably mediated across clip and infinite. Media is a accelerator to globalisation for three chief grounds, foremost, that media corporations have progressively globalized their options ; secondly that the planetary communicating substructure installations planetary information flows, and eventually that planetary media play a cardinal function in how we view, interpret and perceive events, actions and activities across the universe in developing shared systems of significance. This facet of planetary media civilization has been the chief focal point of media theoreticians. Cultural imperialism is a important subject to the rubric of this research paper, this gained impulse after decolonisation led to emergence of provinces in Africa, Asia and Pacific. Scholars replaced colonialism with a new signifier of capitalist economy subjection of the 3rd universe: neo-colonialism which was more economic than political, more ideological than military. This meant that this sort of imperialism or indirect control focused on the head of the people, their thoughts, their personality, it influenced them more profoundly than a political business, as it would been viewed at the consequence in the future coevalss. Basically it involves enforcing one’s cultural merchandises and values onto other societies and societal scenes, whether they want it or non, destructing native civilizations in the procedure. So is the universe dominated by the West? The ultimate consequence is to make a culturally homogeneous universe of consumers for planetary capitalist economy ; whi ch makes them pull a line between Americanization and development with modernisation. Cultural imperialism eliminates planetary diverseness all across the province factors. For the pure exclusive grounds of economic growing, one’s civilization is focused and attacked upon and modified into Westernization for illustration alternatively of modernisation for true sense of development. Cultural imperialism besides happens through linguistic communication impacts and instruction. There are many educational institutes in the Middle East that focal point or have their resources in the English linguistic communication, is this cultural imperialism? Well, if the Middle East institutes want to forestall that, so do they hold adequate literature and beginnings in their ain native linguistic communication, so they don’t have to trust on the English resources? Culture individuality is a hoarded wealth that every homo carries since birth to decease, and along the manner, there alter ations that takes topographic point in the thought of the individuality and civilization. Social media, society, traditions, educational institutes, mass media, popular civilization, authorities foreign policy, political make up etc, all shape up to be the human’s cultural individuality ( globalisation and individuality, 2005 ) . Though globalisation has been known and acknowledged as affecting a general procedure of loss of cultural diverseness, but it is of import to observe that Westernization played immense function in this negative facet of globalisation. Whilst those cultures the mainstream of the flow of the capitalist economy, those in the West and specifically, the united states-saw a kind of standardised version of their civilizations exported worldwide, it was the weaker civilizations of the underdeveloped universe that have been most threatened. The economic exposure, of these non-western civilizations oriented provinces is assumed to be matched by cultural exposure and credulousness. Cultural individuality is at hazard everyplace and anyplace in all scenes, with the depredations and debased of globalisation but the underdeveloped universe is peculiarly at hazard from both sides, internally and externally. There are other accounts, such as that implicates that globalisation is the devastation of ‘cultural identity’ and in the menace to that peculiar of import subdivision of cultural individuality that we call ‘national identity’ . This explains how basically it is of import for the cultural and national individuality to be embedded into the personality of the life being. Globalization is such one factor where the effects and their extent are strictly unpredictable. Therefore in footings of what states should make is to protect the national cultural individuality of the province ; and at the same time curtail the extent of globalisation effects. There is a close nexus to individuality and institutional modernness, individuality and deterritorialization. It is a common characteristic that the individuality creative activity and formation is a cosmopolitan characteristic, germinating aspect of human experience. understanding the significance of individuality may non be cosmopolitan, but merely one peculiar modern manner of socially forming and so modulating cultural experience takes some of its statement that over or inordinate globalisation inevitable destroys individuality. The deduction of understanding individuality as a specifically modern cultural imaginativeness is sufficient to sabotage the simple thought that globalisation destroys individuality. But the stronger claim that globalisation really general individuality and so the danger that, in some fortunes, it produces excessively much individuality that might necessitate more amplification. One wide attack to fact of deterroritorializing character of the globalisation procedure, it’s the belongings of decreasing the significance the societal geographic location to the mundane flow of cultural experience. Cultural experiences in assorted ways lifted out of its traditional anchoring in peculiar vicinities. One manner of analysing this is to believe about the topographic points we live in as being progressively penetrated by the connectivity of globalisation. The thought of deterritorialization grasps the manner in which events outside, of our immediate vicinities in Anthony Gidden’s definition of globalisation ; actions at a distance-are progressively eventful for our experience which are good and bad. Modern civilization is less determined by location because location is progressively penetrated by ‘distance’ . The more evident illustrations of this kind of incursion of vicinities are in such countries of everyday cultural experience as our int eraction with globalising media and communicating technologies-televisions, nomadic phones, electronic mail, the cyberspace or in the transmutation of local into progressively widely planetary nutrient civilizations. Television intelligence brings distant struggles into our life suites, alien gustatory sensations become routinely assorted with domestic 1s, premises we make about the wellness and security of our societies and communities now routinely in an consciousness, nevertheless obscure, of planetary eventualities such as environmental hazard of stock market stableness. But we can add to these a more elusive illustration of deterritorialization: exactly the range of the institutional modern signifier of individuality into cultural life ( globalisation and cultural imperialism, 2000 ) . There is a deep nexus, between modernisation and globalisation. It is necessary to take a more complex position of the globalisation procedure than it frequently adopted discourses of the anti-globalization motion, where globalisation is basically understood as the globalisation of capitalist economy ( which once more is a cardinal component in the fast changing universe ) , achieved in its cultural facet via, a complicities western dominated media system. This more complex multidimensional conceptualisation which views globalisation as an operating at the same time and interrelated in the economic technological-communicational, political and cultural domains of human life, as in fact comparatively uncontentious, at least in rule within, academic discourses. But the cultural deductions instead less easy accepted by some, is that globalisation specifically includes non the simple distribution of a peculiar western ( say broad, secular, possessive-individualist, capitalist-consumerist ) life style, but a complex and more complicated spreading of the full scope of institutional characteristics and schemes of cultural modernness. But modernness besides institutionalizes and regulates cultural patterns, including those by which we imagine attachment, and belonging to a topographic point or community. The tract or manner of such great imaginativeness it brings about and so it is what has become to be known as cultural identity-self and communal definitions based on around specific normally politically inflected, distinctions: gender, gender, category, race, faith, ethnicity and nationality. Some of these distinctions of class exited before the coming of modernness, some like nationality are specifically modern imaginings. The push and force of modernness is every bit much in the substance of these classs of imagined belonging as in the really fact of their ordinance and institutionalization. In modern societies we live our lives within constructions that engineered e mpiric experience which are adhered to good patrol boundaries ( globalising civilizations, 2010 ) . We live our gender, all our nationalities and so forth as public institutionalized and facilitated, ramblingly organized, what could be a much looser, contingent, peculiar and silent sense of belonging becomes structured into an array of individualities, each with deductions for our stuff and psychological well-being, each, therefore, with a ‘politics’ ( Culture and Identity, 2008 ) Middle East has been a mark to heavy laden globalisation effects in its political and cultural sectors. The recent vibration all over societal media among the emirates, the menace perceived as a cultural security inquiry on individuality, â€Å"Ana Emirati† ( run. 2011 ) . These two words clearly reference and explicate the full societal province of head, which the citizens feel towards the other people around. UAE has been a state with changeless economic fluctuations, and heavy in and outflow of people, taking to more cultural exchange, and modernisation. Whether this modernisation in the class of development is an act of cultural imperialism from the West in sectors of life style and instruction of is it merely strictly modernisation, is what clip will reply. this cultural individuality menace, is due to the high engagement and influence of other civilizations on UAE, that the native civilization or individuality possibly lost, desiring to forestall their ain civilization f rom wholly vanishing from the face of the Earth is a serious societal issue that needs to be looked into by the people of the province themselves. The authorities needs to originate stairss and ordinances to continue their Arab heritage and cultural individuality, for future coevalss to come, so that, their individuality isn’t lost under the weight of others, or forced to travel under screen because of some Acts of the Apostless of educational cultural imperialism. Colonization has long been gone officially, but isn’t this cultural imperialism a new signifier of control? Decision Cultural heritage and individuality, is what makes up to a society, community and on the larger position a state province. It is really of import to continue this vastly cherished gift of nature and raising it carefully for the future coevalss and sustainably excessively. Governments need to originate plans and runs to heighten their individuality, heritage values and society’s civilization. The instance survey as covered above sing the Middle East, it’s had a harsh and ramping Arab spring along its manner, with all the economic and political struggles, there is a serious demand to forestall a cultural one. Globalization has been a blessing to the universe, but its consequence on cultural heritage and diverseness has been of a small concern to state provinces for future sustainability. Cultural individuality is the base of human’s personality and it involves the micro and macro environment, a negative impact on the raising and nature of that ; can take to the for mation of a weak cultural representative. Therefore, globalisation and civilization have a deep relation, they should work as the wheels of a auto, as they keep regenerating and resuscitating the civilization with assorted different methods and manners and maintain traveling towards development and modernisation through the planetary procedure which involves all the state provinces of the universe, which changes the planetary infinite we live in, to a planetary small town. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/gtreader2etomlinson.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.culture-communication.unimelb.edu.au/platform/resources/includes/vol2_1/PlatformVol2Issue1_Movius.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //globalsociology.pbworks.com/w/page/14711190/Globalizing % 20Cultures % 3A % 20The % 20Question % 20of % 20Cultural % 20Diversity hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.culture-communication.unimelb.edu.au/platform/resources/includes/vol2_1/PlatformVol2Issue1_Movius.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.globalpolicy.org/globalization/globalization-of-culture.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.criticalglobalisation.com/Issue3/36_59_LIMITS_CULTURAL_GLOBALISATION_JCGS3.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.culture-communication.unimelb.edu.au/platform/resources/includes/vol2_1/PlatformVol2Issue1_Movius.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/globalization-and-middle-east-part-one hypertext transfer protocol: //www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/gtreader2etomlinson.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //lass.purduecal.edu/cca/gmj/sp07/graduate/gmj-sp07-grad-noh.htm Plagiarism -13 %

How Will Wharton Achieve Your Goals - A Sample Essay For Your Admission Essay

How Will Wharton Achieve Your Goals - A Sample Essay For Your Admission EssayWhen it comes to a sample essay for the purpose of college admissions, the most effective way to get your name on the market is to write a Wharton course selection essay. This is because in the vast majority of cases, college-bound students need a full essay in order to apply for their desired college - one that has a clear, accurate and well-written essay to start with.The first thing to keep in mind when you are writing a Wharton course selection essay is that you should be specific. It can be hard to list all of the college courses that you think would benefit your admission and your future career, but it can be done. All you need to do is list every single college degree program from which you wish to apply for the college of your choice.One very effective strategy is to take all of the criteria for admission into the Wharton Graduate School into consideration. Most colleges, while accepting certain cour ses, tend to accept other very specific criteria. For example, if you have a passing grade on your SAT or ACT, then the college that admits you will likely look at that information when they make their decision.The next thing to keep in mind about writing an application essay for a Wharton course selection is that you must keep to the theme of the admission essay that you have written. As I mentioned above, college admissions focuses on the ability to write about specific fields of study and their success rate at providing a good education to its students.The more specific you can get when writing your application essay, the better it will turn out for you in the end. You should not focus on making the essay as broad as possible, but instead, focus on the specialities of your chosen degree programs and how this will help you achieve your goals.One last tip to help you decide on which Wharton course selection essay to write is to remember that you are going to be looking at the entir e application for admission. College admissions is not just about sending in a standard essay - they are looking for three very specific things - what you write, the way that you write, and how much you study in order to achieve your goals.Once you have these factors in mind, you can now go ahead and write a Wharton course selection essay in a completely unique manner that showcases just how you will achieve your goals. This is the way that you will make your mark and get you noticed by the admissions committee at your desired college.

Text Painting in Handel essays

Text Painting in Handel essays Text painting in Handels Messiah Handels Messiah is a piece to be studied for many different reasons. The music is beautiful, the melodies brilliant, but most of all, the text painting is so apparent that it is hard not to comment on it. In the first 8 movements of the Messiah the text painting is a prominent characteristic for analysis. In each movement there are many examples of Handels brilliance in explaining the words, taken directly from the bible, using the music. In movement two, Comfort Ye My People, there were a few words that stood out because they were given such musical importance. One of these words was iniquity. Every occurrence of this word, meaning wickedness, was flagged by 7th chords or diminished chords and in one case by a chord that I couldnt even figure out. This shows the wickedness of the word and the fact that Handel wanted to drill this word into the heads of the listeners. Another word was warfare. On this word, Handel wrote sequences starting at measure 21 to show the building and intensity of the warfare of which this section is talking about. The word is also set to fast running notes which can be seen as the fast running and on going pace of the warfare. This movement is a very good example of the text painting genius of Handels Messiah. Movement three, Every Valley shall be Exalted is an Aria for tenor in which the way Handel set the words is very logical. The word exalted, meaning made glorious or high, is set as sequences in measures 15 18, 21 23, and 47 51. This shows the action of exalting by making the notes higher. In this movement, word like crooked and rough were set to eighth notes that leaped to one another, as if they were painting a crooked line. Another example is the word plain. Every time the word comes up in the song, it is set using long notes that may or may not turn into a run at t...

A List of Business Degree Options

A List of Business Degree Options There are many different types of business degrees. Earning one of these degrees can help you to improve your general business knowledge as well as your leadership skills. The most popular business degrees can help you advance your career and secure positions that you cannot get with a high school diploma. Business degrees can be earned at every level of education. An entry-level degree is an associates degree in business. Another entry-level option is a bachelors degree. The most popular advanced degree option for business majors is a masters degree. Lets explore some of the most common business degrees earned from colleges, universities, and business schools. Accounting Degree An accounting degree can lead to many positions in the accounting and finance fields. A bachelors degree is the most common requirement for accountants who want to work in private and public firms. An accounting degree is one of the most popular business degrees. Read more about accounting degrees. Actuarial Science Degree An actuarial science degree program teaches students to analyze and assess financial risk. Individuals with this degree often go on to work as actuaries. Advertising Degree An advertising degree is a good option for students who are interested in careers in advertising, marketing, and public relations. A two-year advertising degree may be enough to break into the field, but many employers prefer applicants with a bachelors degree. Economics Degree Many individuals who earn an economics degree go on to work as an economist. However, it is possible for graduates to work in other areas of finance. Economists who want to work for the federal government will need a bachelors degree at minimum; a masters degree may be even more beneficial for advancement. Entrepreneurship Degree Although an entrepreneurship degree isnt absolutely necessary for entrepreneurs, completing a degree program can help individuals learn the ins and outs of business management. People who earn this degree often start their own company or help to manage a start-up business. Finance Degree A finance degree is a very broad business degree and can lead to many different jobs in a variety of industries. Every company relies on someone with financial knowledge. General Business Degree A general business degree is an excellent choice for students who know they want to work in business, but arent sure what types of positions they want to pursue after graduation. A business degree could lead to a job in management, finance, marketing, human resources, or a number of other areas. Global Business Degree The study of global business, or international business, is important with increasing globalization. Degree programs in this area teach students about international business and management, trade, and growth strategies for international organizations. Healthcare Management Degree A health care management degree almost always leads to a management career in the health care field. Graduates may supervise employees, operations, or administrative tasks at hospitals, senior care facilities, physicians offices, or community health centers. Careers are also available in consulting, sales, or education. Hospitality Management Degree Students who earn a hospitality management degree could work as the general manager of an establishment or specialize in a specific area, such as lodging management, food service management, or casino management. Positions are also available in travel, tourism, and event planning. Human Resources Degree A human resources degree usually leads to work as a human resources assistant, generalist, or manager, depending on level of degree completion. Graduates may choose to specialize in a particular area of human resources management, such as recruiting, labor relations, or benefits administration. Information Technology Management Degree Students who earn an information technology management degree often go on to work as IT managers. They may specialize in project management, security management, or another related area. International Business Degree Graduates with an international business degree are most welcome in our global business economy. With this type of degree, you can work in a variety of businesses in a number of different industries. Popular positions include market researcher, management analyst, business manager, international sales representative, or interpreter. Management Degree A management degree is also among the most popular business degrees. Students who earn a management degree usually go on to supervise operations or people. Depending on their level of degree completion, they may work as an assistant manager, mid-level manager, business executive, or CEO. Marketing Degree People who work in the marketing field usually have at least an associates degree. A bachelors degree, or even a masters degree, is not uncommon and is often required for more advanced positions. Graduates with a marketing degree typically work in marketing, advertising, public relations, or product development. Nonprofit Management Degree A nonprofit management degree is an excellent choice for students who are interested in working in supervisory positions in the nonprofit arena. Some of the most common job titles include fundraiser, program director, and outreach coordinator. Operations Management Degree An operations management degree almost always leads to a career as an operations manager or top executive. Individuals in this position are responsible for overseeing almost every aspect of a business. They may be in charge of people, products, and supply chains. Project Management Degree Project management is a growing field, which is why many schools are beginning to offer project management degrees. A person who earns this degree can work as a project manager. In this job title, you would be responsible for overseeing a project from conception to end. Public Relations Degree A bachelors degree in public relations is usually the minimum requirement for someone who wants to work as a public relations specialist or public relations manager. A public relations degree can also lead to careers in advertising or marketing. Real Estate Degree There are some positions in the real estate field that do not require a degree. However, individuals who would like to work as an assessor, appraiser, agent, or broker often complete some type of schooling or degree program. Social Media Degree Social media skills are in high demand. A social media degree program will teach you how to use social media and will also educate you about brand strategy, digital strategy, and related topics. Grads commonly go on to work as social media strategists, digital strategists, marketing professionals,  and social media consultants. Supply Chain Management Degree After graduating with a supply chain management degree, students usually find a position overseeing some aspect of a supply chain. They may supervise the procurement of the product, production, distribution, allocation, delivery, or all of these things at once. Taxation Degree A taxation degree prepares a student to do taxes for individuals and businesses. It is not always necessary to have a degree to work in this field, but formal education can help you earn certifications and give you the academic knowledge needed for most advanced positions in accounting and taxation. More Business Degree Options Of course, these are not the only degrees available to you as a business major. There are many other business degrees worth considering. However, the above list will give you somewhere to start.

Why Scientific Management Has No Relevance Today Essay - 11

Why Scientific Management Has No Relevance Today - Essay Example The paper tells that scientific management is irrelevant in the current society because unlike in the past, workers are more intelligent today. This is because they know their values in the workplaces. Consequently, they consider any processes that seem to challenge their worth as self-deprecating. When scientific management was still relevant, employees were offered the fiscal rewards only. This is because workers valued economic rewards during that time. However, most organizations increase their productivity by controlling all factors in the  workplaces  as well as maintaining the social health and development of the workers in today’s organizations. Furthermore, this management approach is not applicable today because its principles are authoritarian. This is because they assumed that only managers were accountable for decision-making because organizations did not trust the employees’ competence in decision-making in the past. According to Taylor, the increase i n the organizations’ productivity relied on the divisions between the workers and experts or managers. Additionally, he also believed that managers should always direct the workers. This method negatively influences the workers’ motivation and satisfaction in the  workplaces. The modern organizations increase their productivity by involving all the organization’s participants including the employees in the decision-making process. This motivates the workers because it makes them feel worthy of the organization. Additionally, it makes them feel respected by the organizations. Such respected workers usually work to their highest potential because they become loyal to the organization. Moreover, the piece rate payment systems used in the scientific management is not effective today because organizations center on superiority rather than the capacity to increase the customers’ satisfaction and the organizations’ competency.

Consultancy advice for the supplynetwork and process Essay

Consultancy advice for the supplynetwork and process - Essay Example It therefore recommends the direct delivery of customized orders to clients from Bang & Olufsen's headquarters through a fast and trusted airlifting courier service. Also, it recommends the use of strong and reliable forecasting techniques to ensure that the demand for small and mass produced items are monitored in the various retail outlets around the world and shipments made at the right time to prevent shortages. The consultant also recommends the formation of a Design/Innovation Management unit in Bang & Olufsen to help in the integration of IdeaLab as a emergent as well as a primary/pure innovation unit. This way, IdeaLab can live above the conflicts and become a major player in Bang & Olufsen without going through too much conflicts. Supply Network Design There is the need for the design of a new supply network design. This new design and this new network must focus on customizing and supplying directly to the small niche of customers who account for over 70%. It should also fo cus on improving the shop design system for the large segment of customers who buy single items or in smaller quantities. Large/Customized Buyers The new supply network design must seek to always keep in touch with these customers and get an idea of what they want and prepare their positions to order the right type and volume of stocks to produce from these customers at a short notice. This can be done by using the customer relations management system to communicate regularly with the customers and find out their concerns. Once this kind of information can be ascertained, various units of the customization system can be mobilized to take the right steps even before orders are taken. Based on this forecast system, components can be ordered and delivered in anticipation of demand. In cases where the forecast show longer periods between orders, the plant in Koprivnice and on site should be programmed to be able to put the vital components together in the shortest period of five days so that they can be obtained just when they are needed. The Assembling department should maintain its production period of 1 day to ensure that all order details and quality functions are met so that the reputation of Bang & Olufsen remains intact. However, it is recommended that the use of retail outlets be eliminated from the process. It is ideal that the headquarters in Denmark maintains a direct link with these larger consumers and ship directly to them without using retail outlets. This will reduce the lead time between the consumers and the retail outlets for larger clients. It is also recommended that Bang & Olufsen uses a fast and reliable courier company that has a global reach for shipment of customized goods. An ideal courier company is one that uses airlines to move goods from one point to the other over all the continents. If this arrangement is in place, orders can be taken and assembled in one day and shipped upon arrival at the customer center. This will eliminate the one day waiting period at the customer center and the three days of transit to the retail outlets. This will save the customers a four-day period of waiting! In summary, the following supply network systems must be adopted for large buyers and customized orders: 1. Large orders should be directly sent to the global headquarters as soon as it is made anywhere in the world. 2. The assembling plant must always ensure that components for goods in demand are always in stock and there is a production cycle for that. 3. Shipping should be made directly from the headquarters to customized clients through the use of a global courier with a good reputation of delivery quickly. Smaller/Mass Produced Orders Although Bang & Olufsen head office will try to eliminate

Creating Shared Value From Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay

Creating Shared Value From Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay This research is an investigation into Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and what it means to the companies that practice it. The subject remains an intriguing one because it raises questions about a companys responsibility towards society and whether it is good or bad for businesses (Crane et al, 2008). There is a need to understand why a company should be concerned about what is happening to the communities they are operating in, the impact of its operation and whether it can assist without compromising its bottom-line. The concept of CSR came in to focus in the early 1950 (Crane et al, 2008), it is now generally accepted by most companies and is expected by communities (Porter and Kramer 2006, Savitz and Weber 2006, Blowfield 2008). This has come about because of several events that started in the USA, causing negative impact on communities for example the Vietnam War 1960, the Watergate scandal during the Nixon era, the oil embargo 1973, later Enron collapse, Exxon Valdez oil spill (Argenti 2003) and recently the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Another factor has been globalisation by large companies in less developed countries whereby there has been human and environmental consequences (Blowfield et al 2008: 92). These events have propelled the rise of pressure groups, public and media scrutiny and government legislations on social and environmental issues and so encouraging companies to be ethical, accountable and transparent at all levels of management and not just at operational level. However CSR has been generally voluntary with philanthropic and charitable activities (Crane et al, 2008) aimed towards the environment and the immediate community because of these practices, CSR has been perceived by many to be a marketing tool and for enhancing the image and reputation of the company (Savitz and Weber, 2006). Therefore companies need to avoid public suspicion by finding ways to satisfying the stakeholders, make a profit and be competitive in a sustainable approach such as building on material resources, cultural advantages and, stakeholder connection (Savitz and Weber 2006 145). As a result there is a need to understand how companies can secure long-term economic performance by avoiding short-term behaviour that is socially detrimental or environmentally wasteful (Porter and Kramer 2006: 6). This can be achieved by making CSR part of core company strategies and integrated into the value chain to create shared value and gain competitive advantage over rivals (Porter and Kramer 2006: 13). However, Blowfield (2008) states that the social responsibilities of multinationals varies from small or medium businesses. Overall aim and objectives Following what has been mentioned above the overall aim of this research is to provide an understanding on how CSR can add value to the company in the course of meeting stakeholders expectations, be profitable and competitive in a socially acceptable manner. There is a lot of literature on CSR, however not a lot has been written on how CSR in the value chain can create a shared value for the stakeholders and the business simultaneously. With regards to the value chain most literature on it is related to gaining competitive advantages and profits making but little impact on societal needs. Therefore this research shall investigate CSR in the context of the value chain. However the investigation extends to the supply chain which, if sustainable creates the value chain. To realise the overall research aim, the following objectives have first to be realized. Critical examine the concepts CSR shared value in relation Critically evaluate the integration of CSR into the supply and value chain. Analyse how practices of CSR can create shared values. Draw conclusion on the findings of CSR practices in the supply and value chain. This allows further questions to be raised: Why is it, that CSR means different things to different people? What is the relationship of CSR practices, within in the supply chain and the value chain? How can value gained from CSR be measured? It is hoped that this research will make a contribution to the current literature of CSR practices. Consequently offer an understanding of CSR in the supply and value chain and the benefit of value creation it can offer. This study is suitable for other business management students or academic researchers that may wish to study more on the subject of CSR and its purpose in the supply and value chain. Overview of literature The first aim of this literature review is to identify the most important concepts in the field of CSR, identify definitions and key issues that arise. Secondly the background and similarities and differences between the supply and value chains will be considered. The final discussion shall be on the relationship of the value chains and CSR. The research within this literature review focuses on objectives 1 and 2 as set out above. 3.1 CSR Concept CSR not a relatively new concept it can be traced back centuries, the mid 1800s the industrial revolution brought about the first steps of CSR as businesses where concerned with their employees welfare and increasing their productivity (Crane et al, 2008). However CSR really gained importance in the 1950s it was known as the philanthropic era (Crane et al, 2008). One of the first CSR definitions came from Howard Bowen who made the link between business responsibilities and communities expectations. It (SR) refers to the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society (Crane et al 2008: 25). Bowens definition places a social obligation on businesses when making decisions to consider their impact on the communities. However in contrast to Bowen, Milton Friedman sees management as having only one responsibility to maximize profits of its shareholders (Friedman, 1970). This leads to the shareholder theory, which suggests that companys managers, are supposed to spend corporate funds only in ways authorized by the shareholders (Smith, 2003). Therefore managers are not to spend this fund on non-profitable activities that does not increase shareholders value. Friedman does state that while it is true that managers should increase profit for the shareholder they need to play by the basic rules of the society (Carroll, 1991). However individuals and groups are affected by negative business activities and operation. These are the stakeholders internal and external of the company to whom they have obligation and responsibilities (Galbreath, 2009). In contrast to shareholder theory Freeman citied in Crane et al 2008: 69 states that managers have a moral duty to protect all stakeholders. To merge the stakeholder and the shareholder theory Carroll introduced the Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. Figure 1: Source: (Carroll, 1991) The pyramid, attempt to summaries and classify the numerous definitions of what constitute CSR within four categories economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic (Carroll, 1991). However it gives the impression that economic responsibility is the first step toward CSR and once achieved the next levels can be attempted and that philanthropic responsibility can only be achieved when all the levels are completed. Secondly ethical and legal responsibilities are pursued concurrently with any activity gear towards for profit maximisation and cannot be practise separately as it frequently required by the law. Philanthropic responsibility can be said to be voluntary and companies does not have to contribute to the communities that should the responsibility for governments. To address the confusion, the four tiers can be further broken down. The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) may better represent the pyramid with the three Ps (Savitz and Weber, 2006). TBL like Carrolls Pyramid suggest that companies should take care not only of their bottom line but also their social/ethical and environment bottom lines (Meijer Schuyt, 2005) commonly identified as People, Planet and Profit. The diagram above illustrate that companies can pursue any of the three Ps in any particular order depending on what is priority for the company With these three social responsibilities to focus on companies should look at, how it can be integrated into the business. 3.2 The Supply Chain and the value chain This chapter shall look at the concept of the supply and value chain along with how economical, social and environmental responsibilities are managed to gain benefits for the stakeholders and the company. The supply chain is defined as The supply chain is defined by Supply Chain Council (1997) as a term increasingly used by logistics professionals it encompasses every effort involved in producing and delivering a final product, from the suppliers supplier to the customers customer (Lummus Vokurka, 1999) (Lummus Vokurka 1999: 11). It is a flow of goods (raw material) and services from a number of suppliers linking together to meet the needs of the customer at the end of the supply chain. From the researchers understanding the supply chain is a business process that forms part of the value chain. This understanding comes from the supply chain definition given by Cox citied Lummus Vokurka 1999 :11 the function within and outside a company that enable the value chain to make products and provide services to customers. The value chain of a company is a collection of activities that are performed to design, produce, market, deliver and support its product (Porter, 1998). It is a combination of two types of value adding activities primary and support (Porter, 1998) within the company that creates economic and social value (Porter and Kramer 2006: 13). Both the supply and value chains are vital for the integration and practice of CSR. The supply chain is more about effective and efficient processes from supplier/ producer to costumer, whilst the value chain activities links together to provide value to the stakeholders. Companies must use their supply and value chain to convert social needs and social issues into opportunities with the aim of meet the expectation of their stakeholders and achieve a unique strategic position. 3.3 From CSR to creating shared valued Traditionally companies carried out CSR through cash donation, charitable and philanthropic activities but these social initiative according to Michael Porter are however not effective as its often not carefully planned and not part of company strategies hence in the long term it is not effective (Porter Kramer, 2006). However, companies are increasingly aware that they can have long-term success only if they can create the same value for shareholders and the community in which they operate (Brabeck-Letmathe 2010). According to Nestlà © Chairman Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, for CSR to be a success for the company it needs to be part of the business function of creating value for shareholders and communities. Companies need to be able to integrate unmet social needs of employees and communities into the core business strategy and so unite all stakeholders values. Nestlà © employs the approach of Creating Shared Value (CSV) as a CSR practice. It involves addressing social causes that can in the long term provide added value for the shareholders and community. Research Design and Methodology A research is something that is undertaken by the people to find out things in a systematic way to increase knowledge (Saunders et al 2003:3). These involve finding a research methodology that can explain how the research is designed, how data will be collected, how the findings will be analysed and presented and also account for any limitations. In order to find the best research approach and the research strategy the researcher will follow the research process onion developed by (Saunders et al 2003: 83). This process allow for a systematic approach to answer the research questions and consequently meet the objectives set out above. The research methodology has five sub headings starting with the research philosophy and ending with data collection method at the centre of the onion. Figure 2: The Research Process Onion Source: Saunders et al 2003: 83 4.1 Research Philosophy This is about the way knowledge is gain and how it is developed. There are three recognised research philosophies positivism, interpretivism and realism. Positivism research process attempt to copy the method of the natural science and takes the role of an objective analyst, collecting data from the social external world in a value free manner (Saunders et al, 2003). Knowledge by this method is developed by reducing phenomena to simple elements representing general laws (Blumberg et al 2005: 23). While, the philosophy of interpretivism is motivated by subjective meaning of human interest (Saunders et al, 2003). Realism shares the philosophies of both positivism and interpretivism but at the same time stressing the error of studying people as objects in the style of natural science (Saunders et al, 2003). The philosophy framework adopted shall be the interpretivism, for the reason that corporate social responsibilities in the supply and value chain are complex and unique phenomenon wh ich cannot be generalised in a value free manner (Saunders et al, 2003). Furthermore, social phenomenon cannot be understood from just facts but from the exploration of people different experiences and why these differences result in the different construction and meanings people give to the social world (Blumberg et al 2005:21). 4.2 Research approach This involves the use of theory and the design of the research (Saunders et al, 2003). The theory approach includes inductive and deductive whilst the latter involves qualitative and quantitative approach. 4.2.1 Deductive This approached is adopted for scientific researchers were by a hypothesis is deducted and tested rigorously from a theory by the use of the appropriate research strategy (Saunders et al, 2003). For the deduction to be correct it must be both true and valid (Blumberg et al, 2005). 4.2.2 Inductive This involves building theory and defining the hypothesis by observation of empirical data (Saunders et al 2003:479). This study will have an inductive approach with the aims to understand why something is occurring and to build the theory by investigating CSR in the supply and ask why it influences the value chain and so infer a hypothesis that will answer the research questions. 4.2.3 Qualitative vs. quantitative These two approaches are generally used to gather data for unique phenomenon. Quantitative approach relies on gathering of numerical data and figures only. The objective of this approach to seek answers by measuring, analysis and interpretation of data with the aid of computer programmes (Saunders et al, 2003) (Zikmund, 2003). Such quantitative data gathered from large scale surveys or from electronic database are suitable for descriptive and causal studies (Hair et al, 2003). Qualitative approach involves the gathering of non numerical data (sentences or narratives) (Blumberg et al, 2005). The researcher has more control over the type of information gathered though leading or probing questions (Blumberg et al, 2005) or if collecting primary data through observation method, decisions can be taken on how and where the study will take place (Blumberg et al, 2005). Typically this study requires smaller samples or case studies and it is best suited for exploratory studies (Hair et al, 2003). 4.3 Research strategy Research strategy can be described as tool(s) utilised to answer the research questions. Saunders et al (2003) identify six main strategies experiments, Survey, case study, grounded theory, ethnography and action research that can be used, depending on the research approach selected. A case study is defined as a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence (Saunders et al 2003:93) In this research a case study strategy will be used because of its ability to provide answers to the why and how questions. Saunders et al, states that a simple and well constructed case study can be used to challenge existing theory and provide source to hypothesis (Saunders et al, 2003). 4.4 Time horizons This involves deciding whether the research will be a snap shot taken a point in time (cross-sectional) or be a representation of event over a long period of time (longitudinal studies) (Saunders et al 2003:95). This research will utilise a snapshot approach or cross sectional studies because the research is not interested in change or development (Saunders et al, 2003) but at a point in time where the supply chain and value chain are influence by CSR practices. 4.4.1 Research purpose Saunders et al states that research enquires can be classified in terms of their purpose. These classifications include exploratory, descriptive or explanatory studies (Saunders et al, 2003). The purpose of this study is classified as an exploratory, whose objective is to find what is happening to seek new insight; to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light (Saunders et al, 2003).The exploratory study may be achieved by the use of both qualitative and quantitative tools but is most dependent on qualitative approach (Blumberg et al, 2005). 4.5 Data collection methods Data is collected depending on the nature of the research (Hair et al, 2003). As mentioned above this study is exploratory with the aim of exploring relevant literature and interviewing specialist on the subject (Saunders et al, 2003). Exploratory research provides the secondary data and primary data needed for analysis. The research aims to make use of both secondary and primary data. The former relates to data previously collected for other purposes and these are classified as documentary data, survey- based data and those complied from multiple sources (Saunders et al, 2003). For this research, secondary data regarding CSR practices shall be collected from relevant companies websites. In contrast primary data are collected for specific purposes through observation of peoples behaviour or utilizing semi and in-depth interviews (Saunders et al, 2003). Primary data can be collected by two methods, observation and survey which are further sub-divided into human and electronic observation as well as self completion and interviewer administered surveys (Hair et al, 2003). In this study primary data will be collected via interviewer administered surveys of individuals (Hair et al: 125). This approach is particularly helpful in collecting valid and reliable data (Saunders et al 2003: 245). 4.5.1 Interviews The primary data can collected from structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews. This study shall employ a semi structured approach which is often used in exploratory research. This type of interview usually starts with specific questions but the respondents are permitted to follow his or her own thoughts subsequently (Blumberg et al, 2005). The interviewer has the flexibility to omit or raise new questions depending on the organisation or change the order of the questions to suit the flow of the conversation (Saunders et al, 2003). This type of interview being qualitative in nature requires that data are collected by note taking or by tape- recording (Saunders et al, 2003). 4.5.2 Sampling Sampling is the technique that enables the reduction of data by selecting only part of the population rather than all possible cases or elements (Saunders et al, 2003) due to time constraint. There are two approaches to choosing the appropriate sample probability or non-probability sampling. In probability sampling each case or element of the population has known and none zero probability of being selected randomly (Saunders et al, 2003: 486). While, for non-probability sampling the probability of each case or element being selected is not known (Saunders et al, 2003). Non probability methods include quota, purposive, snowball, self- selection and convenience sampling. Non probability will be best suited for this study as it allow for the selection of participants that can help answer the research questions and meet set objectives. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wishes to select cases that are particularly informative (Saunders et al, 2003). Data Analysis and interpretation Data analysis involves managing large amount of data collected by summarising and arranging it in a meaningful format (Zikmund, 2003). Saunders et al put forward two strategies for analysis of qualitative data these are theoretical or descriptive frameworks (Saunders et al, 2003). The first strategy of theoretical framework relies on the analysis of data according to a deductive position where the use of existing theory is needed to formulate research questions. The second strategy entail an inductive position whereby the descriptive framework is used to start and direct the analysis of your data (Saunders et al: 389) by transforming data in a form easy to interpret (Zikmund, 2003). This research will make use of the second strategy descriptive framework, in order to organise the case study on the basis of description of the general characteristics and relations to the research questions (Yin, 1994). Research Limitation Limitations should to be taken into consideration while conducting a research. This research will be investigating multiple case studies as oppose to just a single case study. This is because with multiple case studies their results are considered more robust (Blumberg et al 2005: 376). However, it demands a lot of thinking on how to best select the appropriate case studies for the required evidence (ibid). The research also utilise a range of academic literatures and reputable publications. However, the literature listed in the reference may not include all of the best up-to-date sources. Many other sources that could have been used but decision was taken to focus on particular literature mainly due to having access to them albeit some dated from the year 1991 and 2003. So the research structure depends on the type of sources found. Validity and reliability According to Saunders et al reducing the possibility of getting the answer wrong means that attention has to be paid to two particular emphases on research design reliability and validity (Saunders et al 2003:100). Reliability This means that the research can only be characterised as reliable, firstly if it can yield the same results consistently free from error (Saunders et al, 2003) (Zikmund, 2003). Secondly, the same observation ought to be observed by others and thirdly raw data has to be interpreted in a transparent way (Saunders et al 2003:101). Reliability of a research can be tested by repeatability and internal consistency. The former involves, similar scale or measure to the same respondents at different times to concur the same result (Zikmund, 2003). If the results gathered at the different times are dissimilar this indicates a low degree of reliability (Zikmund, 2003). However this test is more suitable for longitudinal studies where there is little time constraint. Internal consistency involve the measure of homogeneity where by all similar questions are grouped together in a questionnaire to measure the same concept (Zikmund, 2003). Validity On the other hand, this is about how data collection methods accurately measure what is intended to be measured and whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about (Saunders et al 2003:101, 492). There are three tests to be used when testing quality of case studies these are construct validity, internal validity and external validity (Yin 1994: 33). Table 1, summaries the three tests for validating of research. Test Description Case study Tactic Construct Validity Establishing correct operational measures for the concept being studied Use of multiple sources of evidence Establish chain of evidence Have key information review draft case study report Internal Validity Establishing a casual relationship, whereby certain conditions are shown to lead to other conditions, as distinguished from spurious relationship Do pattern matching Do explanation- building Do time- series analysis External Validity Establishing the domain to which a study findings can be generalised Use replication logic in multiple- case studies. Table 1 Quality Test Description and case study tactic (Yin 1994: 33) In this research, certain measures will be employed to increase the validity. To increases the construct validity it is import prior to the interview the questionnaire is pilot tested so as to ensure that respondents will have no problem to understand and answer questions (Saunders et al 2003: 308). A tape recorder will be verified to ensure that data can be recorded proficiently and this should allow focus on the interview and not note taking. The benefit with a tape recorder is that it can be replayed whenever required. Internal validity concerns with explanatory studies, where the research try to determine casual relationship between variables (Saunders et al, 2003). This research is exploratory and the internal validity of this study is not relevant. External validity is concerned with knowing that the results of the case studies are generalise or not (Saunders et al, 2003) and retested through replication (Yin, 1994) to other research settings. Timescale