Effective Communication Skills

Effective communication skills in nursing Within this assignment I will be looking at the importance of effective communication skills in the nursing profession. I will briefly explore the meaning of communication and then look at different styles of effective communication. I will include a wide range of references to support my findings and then offer a conclusion regarding the importance of communication with the patient and other agencies. There are a large number of communication models and meaning’s, which in itself indicates that communication is a huge subject and difficult to pin to a simple explanation (Webb 2011).Donnelly (2008) agrees with this by writing that a concise definition is difficult to achieve due to the term â€Å"communication† having a long list of meanings. Good communication between patients and nurses is at the core of good nursing care, which will ensure the development of a therapeutic relationship (Stein- Parbury 2009). Donnelly (2008) su pports this by stating that at the very heart of effective nursing, communication is the key to delivering high-quality care. Donnelly (2008) states that effective communication is recognised as a core condition for all people who work in public service. Also read: Communication Cycle ArgyleIn Health and Social care services effective communication promotes the best possible nursing care (Donelly 2008). Donelly (2008) writes that the way we communicate with people who use nursing service’s or facilities has a direct impact on how care is perceived and experienced by the user. Collins (2009) agrees by stating that communication is therapeutic, that building relationships is the foundation of nursing work, and communication is a requirement to that process.If we can recognise how communication takes place and comprehend its process we can develop strategies to ensure that communication is effective and meets the needs of all patients’. Within Nursing there are many ways of communicating with patients. The NMC standards for pre-registration nursing education (NMC, 2010) stipulate that â€Å"Within the domain for communication and interpersonal skills, all nurses must do the following, communicate safely and effectively, u sing a range of communication skills and technologies† (NMC 2010).Hamilton (2007) agrees with this by stating that nurses should try to relate with patients using the full range of communication skills at their disposal, to help patients understand that nurses are there to assist as much as they possibly can. These communication skills range from verbal, non-verbal, and written communication. Burnard (2005) explains that we communicate to some degree with words. But also we communicate to a large degree with our bodies. This can be classed as non-verbal. Some aspects of non-verbal communication we use would be eye contact, facial expressions and hand gestures.Burnard (2005) also writes about the importance of listening. Burnard states that the listening skill is an important form of non-verbal communication and being listened to is vital as everybody needs to be listened to. Stein-Parbury (2009) states that, listening encourages further interaction between patient and nurses; it is a catalyst in promoting a trusting therapeutic relationship. Collin (2009) agrees with this by writing when patients feel listened to it gives a sense of connection enabling the relationship to progress. Wright (2007) writes about another non-verbal behaviour which is described as â€Å"body talk†.This would include hand gestures. Some body talking can suggest a certain state of mind, for example a patient pacing, unable to sit for any time or wringing of the hands may suggest that this patient is in distress. Webb states that folding of the arms can display defensive non-verbal communication; it can show that a patient is feeling anxious or threatened in some way. If this is displayed by the nurse it may suggest to the patient that the nurse is dis-interested which will form a barrier between the patient and nurse. To avoid such barriers Egan (1998) suggests that the use of the SOLER theory.The theory  Soler  was created by Egan (1998) to help the communication bet ween the nurse and the patient. His theory shows that basic non-verbal communication can help make a patient feel involved and cared for when working with the nurse. Soler stands for- S: facing the client or family  squarely, both metaphorically and literally O: adopt an  Open,  non-defensive posture L:  Lean forward toward the family to show interest E: make good  Eye Contact R: stay  Relaxed. But there are other forms of communication that need to be effective when delivering nursing care.The nurse needs to ensure that they are able to communicate well within the organisation and with others. Donnelly (2008) points out that when identifying the needs of those we care for we must also distinguish the role of others in providing for people’s needs. There is a risk within service provision to see only that which we can offer and ignore what others agencies and professionals can provide. Effective care depends on us being able to work in partnership, ensuring those we care for receive the best possible care. There are many others modes of communication; the written word is required when working with people (Donelly 2008).The NMC (2008) states that you must keep clear and accurate records of the discussions you have, the assessments you make, the treatment and medicines you give and how effective these have been. You must complete records as soon as possible after an event has occurred, the nurse must not tamper with original records in any way, the nurse must ensure any entries you make in someone's paper records are clearly and legibly signed, dated and timed, the nurse must ensure any entries you make in someone's electronic records are clearly attributable to you, and also ensure all records are kept securely (NMC 2008).Conclusion Whilst preparing for this essay, I did not fully understand the importance of communication and how we are understood by patients. After researching and evaluating, I now understand the importance of effective ver bal communication with appropriate body language, also the importance of non-verbal communication using good eye contact and hand gestures. I have now learnt that to become a good nurse you need to be able to use a wide range of communication to be able to fully care for the patient. These skills are equally important when dealing with agencies.Burnard, P. (2005) Counselling Skills for Health Professionals. Nelson Thornes: Cheltenham: Collins. S, (2009) Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship: http://www. nursingtimes. net (accessed 24 April 2012) Donnelly, E. Neville, L. (2008) Communication and Interpersonal Skills, 1st Ed. Reflect Press Ltd: Devon. Egan, G. (1998). The Skilled Helper. Wiley: Chichester Hamilton. S, J (2007) Clinical Development: A framework for effective communication skills : http://www. nursingtimes. et (accessed 24 April 2012) Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwive s. NMC:  London Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Standards for Pre-registration Nursing Education: Draft for Consultation. NMC:  London Stein-Parbury, J. (2009) Patient and Person: Interpersonal Skills in nursing, 4th Ed. Elsevier: Australia Webb, L. (2011). Nursing: Communication Skills in Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wright, B, (2007) Interpersonal Skills: Skills for Caring. M&K Publishing: Cumbria . Effective Communication Skills Effective communication skills in nursing Within this assignment I will be looking at the importance of effective communication skills in the nursing profession. I will briefly explore the meaning of communication and then look at different styles of effective communication. I will include a wide range of references to support my findings and then offer a conclusion regarding the importance of communication with the patient and other agencies. There are a large number of communication models and meaning’s, which in itself indicates that communication is a huge subject and difficult to pin to a simple explanation (Webb 2011).Donnelly (2008) agrees with this by writing that a concise definition is difficult to achieve due to the term â€Å"communication† having a long list of meanings. Good communication between patients and nurses is at the core of good nursing care, which will ensure the development of a therapeutic relationship (Stein- Parbury 2009). Donnelly (2008) su pports this by stating that at the very heart of effective nursing, communication is the key to delivering high-quality care. Donnelly (2008) states that effective communication is recognised as a core condition for all people who work in public service. Also read: Communication Cycle ArgyleIn Health and Social care services effective communication promotes the best possible nursing care (Donelly 2008). Donelly (2008) writes that the way we communicate with people who use nursing service’s or facilities has a direct impact on how care is perceived and experienced by the user. Collins (2009) agrees by stating that communication is therapeutic, that building relationships is the foundation of nursing work, and communication is a requirement to that process.If we can recognise how communication takes place and comprehend its process we can develop strategies to ensure that communication is effective and meets the needs of all patients’. Within Nursing there are many ways of communicating with patients. The NMC standards for pre-registration nursing education (NMC, 2010) stipulate that â€Å"Within the domain for communication and interpersonal skills, all nurses must do the following, communicate safely and effectively, u sing a range of communication skills and technologies† (NMC 2010).Hamilton (2007) agrees with this by stating that nurses should try to relate with patients using the full range of communication skills at their disposal, to help patients understand that nurses are there to assist as much as they possibly can. These communication skills range from verbal, non-verbal, and written communication. Burnard (2005) explains that we communicate to some degree with words. But also we communicate to a large degree with our bodies. This can be classed as non-verbal. Some aspects of non-verbal communication we use would be eye contact, facial expressions and hand gestures.Burnard (2005) also writes about the importance of listening. Burnard states that the listening skill is an important form of non-verbal communication and being listened to is vital as everybody needs to be listened to. Stein-Parbury (2009) states that, listening encourages further interaction between patient and nurses; it is a catalyst in promoting a trusting therapeutic relationship. Collin (2009) agrees with this by writing when patients feel listened to it gives a sense of connection enabling the relationship to progress. Wright (2007) writes about another non-verbal behaviour which is described as â€Å"body talk†.This would include hand gestures. Some body talking can suggest a certain state of mind, for example a patient pacing, unable to sit for any time or wringing of the hands may suggest that this patient is in distress. Webb states that folding of the arms can display defensive non-verbal communication; it can show that a patient is feeling anxious or threatened in some way. If this is displayed by the nurse it may suggest to the patient that the nurse is dis-interested which will form a barrier between the patient and nurse. To avoid such barriers Egan (1998) suggests that the use of the SOLER theory.The theory  Soler  was created by Egan (1998) to help the communication bet ween the nurse and the patient. His theory shows that basic non-verbal communication can help make a patient feel involved and cared for when working with the nurse. Soler stands for- S: facing the client or family  squarely, both metaphorically and literally O: adopt an  Open,  non-defensive posture L:  Lean forward toward the family to show interest E: make good  Eye Contact R: stay  Relaxed. But there are other forms of communication that need to be effective when delivering nursing care.The nurse needs to ensure that they are able to communicate well within the organisation and with others. Donnelly (2008) points out that when identifying the needs of those we care for we must also distinguish the role of others in providing for people’s needs. There is a risk within service provision to see only that which we can offer and ignore what others agencies and professionals can provide. Effective care depends on us being able to work in partnership, ensuring those we care for receive the best possible care. There are many others modes of communication; the written word is required when working with people (Donelly 2008).The NMC (2008) states that you must keep clear and accurate records of the discussions you have, the assessments you make, the treatment and medicines you give and how effective these have been. You must complete records as soon as possible after an event has occurred, the nurse must not tamper with original records in any way, the nurse must ensure any entries you make in someone's paper records are clearly and legibly signed, dated and timed, the nurse must ensure any entries you make in someone's electronic records are clearly attributable to you, and also ensure all records are kept securely (NMC 2008).Conclusion Whilst preparing for this essay, I did not fully understand the importance of communication and how we are understood by patients. After researching and evaluating, I now understand the importance of effective ver bal communication with appropriate body language, also the importance of non-verbal communication using good eye contact and hand gestures. I have now learnt that to become a good nurse you need to be able to use a wide range of communication to be able to fully care for the patient. These skills are equally important when dealing with agencies.Burnard, P. (2005) Counselling Skills for Health Professionals. Nelson Thornes: Cheltenham: Collins. S, (2009) Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship: http://www. nursingtimes. net (accessed 24 April 2012) Donnelly, E. Neville, L. (2008) Communication and Interpersonal Skills, 1st Ed. Reflect Press Ltd: Devon. Egan, G. (1998). The Skilled Helper. Wiley: Chichester Hamilton. S, J (2007) Clinical Development: A framework for effective communication skills : http://www. nursingtimes. et (accessed 24 April 2012) Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwive s. NMC:  London Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Standards for Pre-registration Nursing Education: Draft for Consultation. NMC:  London Stein-Parbury, J. (2009) Patient and Person: Interpersonal Skills in nursing, 4th Ed. Elsevier: Australia Webb, L. (2011). Nursing: Communication Skills in Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wright, B, (2007) Interpersonal Skills: Skills for Caring. M&K Publishing: Cumbria .

Individuation Process Essay

* Individuation process the process of beeing aware of oneself and the way to discover one’s true, inner self. * According to jung:The ego. This is the conscious mind. * The personal unconscious. This includes forgotten or suppressed memories from our own personal lives. * The collective unconscious. This is shared by all people. It is the collective memory of human thought and experience, from ancient to modern times. This includes the basic human instincts and the archetypes. * The Self is that what we are in essence. In psychological terms, it includes the conscious, the unconscious, and the ego. The Self is the central archetype in the collective unconscious, Archetypes The collective unconscious is shared by us all. This means that it is present in each of us, a vast reservoir of the archetypes of the whole of humanity. It is accessible to everyone. The collective unconscious consists of characteristics that many people have in common and which each of us inherit at birth. The content of the archetype is basically unconscious. It undergoes a transformation when it becomes conscious or when it is being perceived. An archetype is experienced as image and as emotion. It is especially recognizable in such typical and important human situations as birth and death, adolescence, extreme fear or a fearful experience. During such life phases and experiences archetypes will often appear clearly in dreams Archetypes cannot be brushed aside. They will always manifest. Individuation Individuation means that one becomes a person, an individual, a totally integrated personality. It is a process of self realization during which one integrates those contents of the psyche that have the ability to become conscious. It is a search for totality. It is an experience that could be formulated as the discovery of the divine in yourself, or the discovery of the totality of your Self. This does not always happen without pain, but it is necessary to accept many things that normally we would shy away from. Once a person has accepted the contents of his unconsciousness and has reached the goal of the individuation process, he is conscious of his relationships with everything that lives, with the entire cosmos. The individuation process begins with becoming conscious of the Persona, the mask we take on in our every day life. After this we become conscious of the Shadow, the repressed characteristics of the ego. Then we become conscious of the Anima, the inner woman in each man, or the Animus, the inner man in each woman. Then the image of the old wise man, or the old wise mother appears, after which the experience of the Self happens. The shadows The Shadow is all those uncivilized desires and emotions that are incompatible with the norms of society and with our ideal personality. It is all we are ashamed of, that we do not wish to be. when confronted with yhe shadow we feel guilt and shame for the parts of ourselves which we keek hidden. The Anima is the female aspect present in every man. Another anima trick is pseudo-intellectual dialogs which prevents a man from feeling life closely and coming to real decisions. He thinks so much about life that he cannot live, and he losses all spontaneity and the flow of life. The dark aspect will most likely appear when a man has suppressed or underestimated his female nature, treating women with contempt or carelessness. The Animus The animus in women is the counterpart of the anima in men. Like the anima, the animus has three roots: the collective image of a man that a woman acquires, her own experiences with men in her life, and the latent male principle in herself. The Old Wise Man The old wise man appears in the form of king, hero, medicine man, savior, magician, saint, ruler over man and spirits, God’s closest friend and so on. This archetype is a real danger for the personality, because once it has been aroused, a man can easily believe that he possesses ‘mana’, real magical power, and wisdom. He who is possessed by this archetype believes he is gifted with great (maybe esoteric) wisdom, prophetic gifts, the ability to heal and so on. Such a man can gather followers, as he has entered the unconscious way further than anybody else. The archetype has a fascinating power, intuitively felt by people and not easily resisted. They are fascinated by what he is saying, but after analysis it is often not intelligent. The power of the old wise man can be destructive as it forces a man to act above his power and capacity. He does not posses the wisdom he claims. In reality it is the voice of the unconscious that should be subjected to criticism and analysis. The Great Mother In a woman the archetype of the great mother acts in a similar way to the old wise man in a man. Any woman possessed by this archetype, believes that she is gifted with an unlimited capacity to love and to understand, to help and to protect, and she will exhaust herself in service to others. The archetype can be destructive when the woman is fixated on the belief that anybody within her sphere of influence are ‘her children† and therefore they are helpless or dependent on her.

Impact of Globalization on Development

Globalization is the buzzword of today. The phenomenon of globalization rapidly swept across the world forcefully and powerfully. Economies of the world are being increasingly integrated as new technology and communication has brought people together. We often hear the phrase that the ‘world has become a global village' – which itself signifies how much has changed in the world in the past few decades. Financial and industrial globalization is increasing substantially and is creating new opportunities for both industrialized and developing countries. The largest impact has been on developing countries, who now are able to attract foreign investors and foreign capital. This has led to both positive and negative effects for those countries. Economically new parts of the world have opened to capitalist activities. The spread of capitalist activities has been part of globalization process which ties up well with the liberals believe in the possibility of progress (Baylis, J. , et al. (2008, p. 110). Free trade is the reduction or removal of commercial barriers between countries. This allows a freer flow of labor and goods between member countries in a trade pact. As free trade agreements become more common around the globe, the positive impact on developing countries has been touted as one of their greatest successes. There are several advantages to developing countries that participate in free trade. Free trade is an economic practice whereby countries can import and export goods without fear of government intervention. Government intervention includes tariffs and import or export bans or limitations. Free trade offers several benefits to countries, especially those in the developing stage. According to a widely used definition, a developing country is a nation with low levels of economic resources and/or low standard of living. Developing countries can often advance their economy through strategic free trade agreements. Increased Resources Developing countries can benefit from free trade by increasing their amount of or access to economic resources. Nations usually have limited economic resources. Economic resources include land, labor and capital. Land represents the natural resources found within a nations borders. Small developing nations often have the lowest amounts of natural resources in the economic marketplace. Free trade agreements ensure small nations can obtain the economic resources needed to produce consumer goods or services. By using a country’s comparative advantage, or what they can produce at a lower opportunity cost than other countries, they can get all the benefits of trade. If every country has a comparative advantage that means that everyone can gain from trade. There is remarkable evidence that globalization is helping countries expand and achieve higher incomes or a higher GDP Improved Quality of Life Free trade usually improves the quality of life for a developing nations citizens. They can import goods that are not readily available within their borders. Importing goods may be cheaper for a developing country than attempting to produce consumer goods or services within their borders. Many developing nations do not have the production processes available for converting raw materials into valuable consumer goods. Developing countries with friendly neighbors may also be able to import goods more often. Importing from neighboring countries ensures a constant flow of goods that are readily available for consumption. In countries with a higher degree of globalization, policies tend to support more accountability in the private and public sectors. These nations are more likely to maintain courts that recognize property rights and enforce the rule of law. Their governments are more effective and less corrupt. Policies in these more globalized countries tend to be more stable, essential for long-term planning by business. (Fisher, 2006) Better Foreign Relations Better foreign relations is usually an unintended result of free trade. Developing nations are often subject to international threats. Developing strategic free trade relations with more powerful countries can help ensure a developing nation has additional protection from international threats. Developing countries can also use free trade agreements to improve their military strength and their internal infrastructure, as well as to improve politically. This unintended benefit allows developing countries to learn how they should govern their economy and what types of government policies can best benefit their people. Production Efficiency Developing countries can use free trade to improve their production efficiency. Most nations are capable of producing some type of goods or service. However, a lack of knowledge or proper resources can make production inefficient or ineffective. Free trade allows developing countries to fill in the gaps regarding their production processes. Individual citizens may also visit foreign countries to increase education or experience in specific production or business methods. These individuals can then bring back crucial information about improving the nations production processes (Yutzis, 2001) Increased Standard of Living Economic globalization gives governments of developing nations access to foreign lending. When these funds are used on infrastructure including roads, health care, education, and social services, the standard of living in the country increases. If the money is used only selectively, however, not all citizens will participate in the benefits. Access to New Markets Globalization leads to freer trade between countries. This is one of its largest benefits to developing nations. Homegrown industries see trade barriers fall and have access to a much wider international market. The growth this generates allows companies to develop new technologies and produce new products and services. Higher Employment Rates As developed countries are able to move their operations into developing countries, new job opportunities open up for local workers. Increased levels of employment lead to a higher standard of living and more consumer purchasing. This ultimately sparks the country's economy and may help to develop locally owned business. Research was conducted on national incomes around the world during the 1990s and results showed that the income of rich globalized countries increased by 2% each year. The results also show that poor, more globalized countries have a higher increase in income per year than poor, less globalized countries. Actually according to this research the poor, more globalized countries have had an increase in income of 5% ach year while the poor, less globalized countries had a decrease of 1% per year. Less Child Labor Child labor occurs in developing countries for many reasons but one of the main reasons is lack of technology. Children are used as a cheap substitute for manufacturing equipment. In developing countries, sending their children to work is the only way a family can survive. Usually there is no t an abundance of schools and medical care like in the wealthier countries, and even if education and proper health care is available it is only available to the wealthier families who can afford it. Through globalization, households will make higher incomes which may eventually enable a family to send their children to school and provide some type of health care. In another article by Jagdih Bhagwati he states, â€Å"child labor will certainly diminish over time as growth occurs, partly due to globalization. † (Bhagwati). Free trade allows companies to invest in equipment and pay higher wages to adult workers through foreign investment. With higher family incomes, children are able to attend school rather than work. Access to New Markets Not only does free trade allow foreign-owned companies to establish themselves in developing countries, it also allows native companies to sell to foreign markets. This expands their customer base and leads to new products and services and the viability of investing in innovation. This is particularly true for small businesses in developing countries. These companies no longer have to worry about absorbing the costs of tariffs and other barriers to market entry and can sell their products freely. Higher Levels of Investment Capital Most free trade agreements also reduce restrictions on foreign investment. With new capital entering a developing country, it begins an upward productivity cycle that stimulates the entire economy. An inflow of foreign capital can also stimulate the banking system, leading to more investment and consumer lending. Increased Life Expectancy An increase in employment levels, incomes, and the general standard of living alleviates hunger and lack of medical care in developing countries. Preventative medical care including checkups and vaccinations are available to more of the population. It also increases the number of children who are educated and attend school regularly. The ultimate result is an increase in the average life span and a reduction in infant deaths. Widening Disparity in Incomes While an influx of foreign companies and foreign capital creates a reduction in overall unemployment and poverty, it can also increase the wage gap between those who are educated and those who are not. Over the longer term, education levels will rise as the financial health of developing countries rise, but in the short term, some of the poor will become poorer. Not everyone will participate in an elevation of living standards. Decreased Employment The influx of foreign companies into developing countries increases employment in many sectors, especially for skilled workers. However, improvements in technology come with the new businesses and that technology spreads to domestic companies. Automation in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors lessens the need for unskilled labor and unemployment rises in those sectors. If there is no infrastructure to help the unemployed train for the globalized economy, social services in the country may become strained trying to care for the new underclass.

Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports - Essay Example The basketball class focused on teaching the methods of defense, ball handling, guarding, passing, shooting, and offense. These classes provide a wonderful opportunity for the students to learn and develop their physical, mental, and social skills. Physically it helps the students develop stamina, remain physically healthy and active, while also leading to weight reduction. Overall, extracurricular activities such as outdoor sports provide general health improvement. Sports also help in the development of social skills such as cooperation and teamwork. Task 6 was looking for coding qualitative measures of teaching in the class. I counted how many times the teacher accurately conducted to inform, refine, extend, repeat, and apply the individual task. I also measured how many students had clearly understood and responded based on three different teaching cues and based on the teacher’s information and demonstrations. At the beginning of the class, the teacher defined and described the basketball rules, movements, skills, and techniques. Those learning concepts were easy to understand for most students as they had been playing basketball from a very young age. However, to ensure that all students had a thorough knowledge of all the different individual tasks, the teacher tested their knowledge by asking some random questions. When the teacher found that a student faltered in answering properly, the teacher went through the question again till he was convinced that the student had understood it properly. The introductory game of basketball is basketball relays. The purpose of the game is improvement of dribbling skill while the students run. The teacher divided the class into four teams. Each team player was asked to line up behind the line. The first team player then dribbled the ball to the assigned line and returned back the ball to the next member of their team. A few players preferred using le ft handed dribble or alternating hand dribble which was permitted by the teacher. After the basketball relays was played, the teacher made some changes to the original task content, and manipulated it to reach an advanced condition. The aim was for the students to gain practice in dribbling, passing, and shooting skills in the next assigned task. Moreover, the teacher looked for a variety of variations and responses. He divided the basketball court into nine red boxes by using blue tape prior to starting the class. The players took position each in one box. Only one ball was given to all nine players. Each player was allowed just one chance to shoot into a basket without leaving the assigned box. If a player succeeds in obtaining a score, he or she could leave the box, but if a player failed to do so he would have to pass the ball to the next box player. It worked in a clockwise direction. The next task was to qualitatively seek to develop the previous activity that focused on impro ving the mechanics of basketball skills or tactical aspects of play. All the basketball skills were practiced: dribbling, passin

From your initial lectures and seminars write a paragraph or two (Max Essay

From your initial lectures and seminars write a paragraph or two (Max 300 words) explaining your understanding of Organisational behaviour in businesses today - Essay Example In identifying appropriate strategic approaches organizations implement SWOT analyses; SWOT represents strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In addition to these strategic elements organization behavior also involves developing an overarching mission statement. This functions to speak to the organizations core goals and values. Another key aspect of organizational behavior in businesses is management. Management considers the companys mission statement and strategic directives and works to achieving these goals through attention to efficiency, effectiveness, and equity. Within the organizational element of management is the question of what constitutes effective management and how it can be achieved and maintained. In these regards, Drummond is particularly effective in articulating one of the predominant organizational conflicts, â€Å"The fundamental problem of management is that organisational & individual objectives differ.† Within management organizations utilize specific approaches to management that have been categorized by researchers. These include the classical approach, the human relations approach, the scientific approach, and the systems and contingency approach. All of these approaches have strengths and weaknesses with a great number of challenges being levied at either their over or under emphasis on human or efficiency concerns. In an effort to bridge this organizational gap, the systems and contingency approach was

The importance of project plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The importance of project plan - Essay Example Planning a project involves the final project and all the support activities that assist in accomplishing the finished work. It also includes all the engineering, acquisition work and the management processes of the project. Any documentation and technical or non technical exchange of knowledge with the contractors also form part of the planning stage. Planning of any project also involves the cost estimates of the tools, facilities, consultancy, labor and interproject coordination that are involved while carrying out the project. Scheduling of a project involves identifying the internal dependencies and other external dependencies with a view of finding out how the sequence of events will follow in the completion of the project. It also involves identifying any constraints so that a project manager is able to give a window for unforeseen events. Scheduling can be done through using the Critical Path Analysis and the Gantt charts. Good and proper administrative work assist also in keeping records which can be used for future reference, they can act as tools for evaluation and a very effective way of communication. Any project manager must be able to do a documentation of the resources that they are using such as the schedule, quality, resources and the cost documentation of the whole project. A schedule document is a document that entails all the activities of the project as they are undertaken, when they should start and when they are expected to end. This information is usually represented in form of networ k diagrams; bar charts and tabular reports. Such kind of charts includes the Critical Path Analysis charts and the Gantt charts (Tinnirello 2000, 42). Cost documentation should also be undertaken to find out the cost effectiveness of a project .It involves documenting the actual expenses against the planned expenses in form of table up to a given point of the project. An S- curve is also normally drawn and it usually shows the differences in the actual expenditure and planned expenditure of the project. Quality documentation is also an important aspect of any project management. It deals with checking the quality of the work whether the work meets the set specifications or the customers set standards. The quality of work is normally reflected in form of diagrams, charts and matrices. The charts show the past and future performances of the work done .Other diagrams that are used include the Pareto, line and scatter graphs and these diagrams are normally show errors as they have occurred. Resource documentation refers to assigning and usage facilities, tools and supplies made .The usage of organizational charts and resource reports are used by the project managers to identify how they are being used. A project manger must be able to allocate and schedule tasks at the same time and where there are more resources than required, then the tasks must be scheduled. Resource leveling is a methodology that is used for rescheduling thus reducing potential conflicts. Quality Standards Quality refers to the ability of a project to conform to the set specifications or whether the project meets the standards set by the customer. Conformance means that control measures in developing a project must be put into place so that

The Second Amendment in 1776 and Now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Second Amendment in 1776 and Now - Essay Example English common law has recognized the significance of proper arms control for a long time. The founding fathers believed that citizens have a right to own arms when working in the militia. Such right ensures the presence of maximum protection and security since people can defend themselves whenever need arises (Cornell 10). The Supreme Court of the US has upheld the amendment in its three decisions in the years 1876, 1886 as well as in 1939. Therefore, the founding fathers advocated for collective rights interpretation whereby people were allowed to own arms only when in a group such as the militia but not individuals. The founding fathers had in mind the dangers of permitting individual citizens to purchase and own guns in the society. According to them, such permission would promote weapon related violence, and thereby make the society an unsafe place to live in. This collective right interpretation had prevailed in America for over a century, and therefore, it had been recognized and used in three Supreme Court rulings (Cornell 15). However, this meaning remained no-contentious until in 1960 when an additional individual right to bear arms for self-defense was recognized. Therefore, the assertion of the individual right has made Americans to currently consider that the Second Amendment warrants their right to own a gun (Charles 27). The individual rights model has either undercut or blocked passage of laws that regulate purchase and use of guns over the last twenty years. For instance, the assault weapons prohibition of 1994 was permitted to expire after ten years due to intense pressure from gun rights activists and organizations (Doherty 31). Even though the gun’s lobby persistence that the long common laws and traditions have existed supporting an individual’s right to own and use weapons, the English law has regulated guns from the 14th century (Gonzales 45). This is because of the existence of Game Laws that restricted ownership of weapons only to the wealthy people who had substantial income and owned huge lands (Baron 3). Therefore, the middle class as well as peasants were not permitted to own or use weapons such as guns. Currently, gun lobbyists argue that the English Bill of Rights presented to the monarchs by the House of Commons in 1689 guaranteed everyone to own and use weapons (Anderson and Horwitz 35). However, the law restricted the ownership to Protestants who were of the right social class. Further, the Bill of Rights acknowledged the need for the law to regulate weapons. In this regard, the Bill of Rights does not recognize ownership and use of weapons among the middle class as well as the common citizens (Labunski 53). The privilege to possess and use weapons—more so, guns—was left to the wealthy people in the society. In Britain, the law on gun control has been maintained while in the US, there has been growing resistance to regulation of possession and use of guns. The most recent case occurred in March 2007, when the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia recognized the individual rights model (Smith 36). It decided that the ban on handguns since 1976 in Washington D.C. has been in violation of the Second Amendment that guarantees the right of an individual to own and use guns. According to the

Aristotles Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aristotles Views - Essay Example However, since man is not capable of being a god, they are capable of becoming beasts, and for Aristotle, this is the worst kind of beast (Clayton). Webster dictionary defines self-sufficient as sufficient for one's self without external aid or cooperation and having an overweening confidence in one's own ability or worth; hence, haughty; overbearing (http://www.webster-dictionary.net). Independence of a person from his society makes him arrogant, in Aristotle's words; a beast. In applying the thought created by Aristotle in the life of Achilles, it is proper to have short profile on Achilles. "Achilles was the son of the mortal Peleus and the Nereid Thetis and he was the mightiest of the Greeks who fought in the Trojan War" (Hunter, Achilles). He was the hero in Homer's Iliad, which was a famous narration of the War of Troy. Achilles was prophesied to be the only person who can help to defeat Troy. Without his help, Troy will continue to be dominated by the current kind Priasm and his dynasty, his son Hector and Paris (Hunter, Achilles). He had an amazing background as he was told to have been made immortal by his mother, leaving only his heel as the vulnerable part of his body. It was indeed through this part of his body which he was hit by Paris (the brother of Hector, an enemy which he has killed), was wounded and killed. Achilles was described as having "the greatest fighting ability" so that once got "disenfranchised from the rest of his fellow warriors and refused to fight for the Achaeans" (http://www.123helpme.com). With all this strength, both physically and in terms of power, Achilles had the air not to need anyone. His strength was sufficient for his own safety, and because he was feared he was did not feel threatened by anyone. To anyone who goes against him, his might is enough for revenge. The rage of Achilles was simply unquenchable until it makes the enemy pays. He also had problems with his fellow soldiers as he was characterized by arrogance, anger and rage. When he was wronged by Agamemnon, by taking Briseis, the war-prize in exchange for Chrysies, Achilles refused to fight for the Greeks anymore, despite several offers of handsome reparation (Hunter). This act has made him look selfless and proud, divesting him of the nobility of a true hero (Mega Essays LLC). In that way Achilles displayed the character described by Aristotle in "having no need for others and is self-sufficient". Achilles was seen to be driven more by pride and anger rather than love for people, and with this some consider him inferior to Hector, the latter died in fighting for his people and his family, was seen to be a loving husband and was more of a patriot (Mega Essays LLC). Achilles then was more of the beast as described by Aristotle. We will also take a look at another character in Homer's work: Odysseus of the epic poem Odyssey. Odysseus was a "legendary Greek king of Ithaca" (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). He also had a role in the epic poem, Iliad. Unlike Achilles, Odysseus was described to be wiser, had better relationship with his fellow soldiers thus being more influential and had the character of a real

The impact of intelligence on foreign policy Essay

The impact of intelligence on foreign policy - Essay Example It is a rationally accepted fact that no subject in the world is as complex as foreign affairs and hence to devise a foreign policy. The reason lays with the fact that in foreign policy making decisions, the policy makers have to deal not just with natural facts such as natural disasters and disease but also with social facts such as human beings, who change their minds and behave intuitively and creatively. Natural facts behave according to some well defined natural phenomenon or law and they always obey the same course of action while human behaviors and interests are the most unpredictable. Further, social facts are embedded in different cultures. People from different cultures interpret the same facts differently. Individual human beings and diverse cultures create multiple meanings from the same set of facts. Given this enormous complexity, how does an individual make any sense at all out of international affairs? Hence intuitively even a common observer of international events can guess that a foreign policy decisions are not only the result of multiple considerations and interests but also significantly manipulated by these considerations and interests. Substantial recent progress has been made towards understanding foreign policy making decisions. International relations theory has long refused to consider the complexity of international phenomena and it has attempted to simplify the foreign policy process in order to build an elegant causal theory. ... timely analysis needed to devise their policy options, to reach critical decisions and to implement the final policy mandates. Unless this process is well dealt with, the other moves made by intelligence to collect and analyze information might well be wasted. Since the role and impact of intelligence materials are very difficult to analyze, because of both confidentiality and intangible or definitional problems hence the key question rises how closely intelligence producers' work influences the policymakers to maintain and achieve their objective. A simple guideline and insight was given by Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of state. According to him the role of intelligence in foreign policy is only to pave a way in making national policy. "Anyone concerned with national policy must have a profound understanding interest in making sure that intelligence guides and does not follow national policy2". Foreign policy is considered as the result of a struggle among the decision- makers' goals and constraints. The decision maker's capacity to further his objectives will be dependent on the means at his disposal and the constraints he faces - such as the relative strength of other political actors trying to influence foreign policy. If a decision- maker is constrained by the demands of political stability, foreign policy will be more reactive rather than proactive, in the sense that it will seek to satisfy the demands of governance rather than state power. The collapse of the Soviet Union and hence the end of cold war totally changed the geopolitical environment in which the intelligence community operates. Although nuclear forces in the former Soviet Union

Country with High Mortality Rates- Angola Term Paper

Country with High Mortality Rates- Angola - Term Paper Example Location/geography It has an area of 481,321 square miles making it the twenty-third largest country in the world. It lies between latitudes 4 degrees and 18 degrees south and longitudes 12 degrees and 24 degrees east (Staeger, 2012). It gets bordered by Democratic Republic of Congo on the North, Zambia on the east and to the south is Namibia. The country’s west coast lies on the Atlantic Ocean and capital and largest city is Luanda. The country has experienced an intense civil war which lasted for close to 40 years. The country’s official language is Portuguese but it has various recognized national languages; Kikongo, Chokwe, Umbundu, Ganguela and Kwanyama (Staeger, 2012). Population Population in Angola gets estimated to be around 18,056,072 as of July 2012 (Staeger, 2012). 37% of the population consists of the Ovimbundu tribe, 25% the Ambundu, 13% bakongo and 32% the other ethnic groups including Asians and Europeans (Staeger, 2012). As at the end of 2007, Angola ha d an estimated population of 12,100 refugees and in 2008 it is estimated 400,000 had moved to Angola as migrant workers from Congo (Staeger, 2012). Statistics also shows that there are 30,000 Portuguese and more than 259,000 Chinese people in Angola. The fertility rate of Angola according to the 2012 estimates is 5.5 making it the eleventh highest in the world. The Angolan population grows by 2.2% annually as there are 44.5 births and 24.8 deaths in every one thousand citizens (Staeger, 2012). The infant mortality rate is 184 deaths in every one thousand live births and their life expectancy is 37.63 years (Staeger, 2012). Government Angola’s government is based on the constitution that got amended and passed in 2010 (Staeger, 2012). They have the executive branch which gets headed by the president who serves as both the head of state and the government. The president is the commander in chief of the armed forces. One gets to become the president only if he or she receives th e majority votes in the national assembly and they are allowed to serve for a maximum of two five year terms. The country has a unicameral National Assembly which has two hundred and twenty elected members (Staeger, 2012). The country is administratively divided into eighteen provinces each headed by a governor who in turn answer to the president. The National assembly is responsible for making and amending the constitution. The country enjoys a nominally multi party democracy after intense civil war between individual leaders who wanted to have absolute power. The executive is made up of the president and a council of ministers since the position of the prime minister was abolished (Staeger, 2012). The council of ministers entails all ministers and assistant ministers who regulate policy issues. Their constitution has broad outlines which define the government structure and also protect the rights of the citizens and at the same time it outlines the duties of the citizens (Staeger, 2012). Their legal system is mainly based on the Portuguese and customary law making it to be fragmented and weak. The Supreme Court acts as the appellate tribunal. The country has no court with judicial review powers despite the statutory authorization by the constitution. Economy The countries financial operation and system gets regulated by the National Bank of Angola. The country is rich in diamonds, gold, copper, oil and wildlife which significantly boost the economy of the country (Staeger, 2012).

Virginia Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony Essay Example for Free

Virginia Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony Essay Virginia Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony are two of the North American Colonies. These colonies have a lot of similarities especially in their government since they are under the governance of Northern America but differ in their ways of living and social structure. The Massachusetts Bay Colony and Virginia Colony are governed under their constitutions. The legislature under these colonies, called the General Court, consists of a Senate of 40 members and a House of Representatives of 160 for Massachusetts and 100 for Virginia, all elected for two years. The legislature meets annually. The governor is elected for a four-year term (Brown, 2006). The lieutenant governor, secretary of the commonwealth, treasurer, and receiver general, auditor, and attorney general are also elected to four-year terms. The governor is assisted by an executive council of eight members, elected for two years. The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Judicial Court of seven justices. Other courts include the appeals court, trial court, and minor courts. All judges are appointed by the governor and council and serve until age 70 (Brown, 2006). In addition, during the next decade of Massachusetts, several small fishing settlements grew up along the Massachusetts coast. Moreover, it is a predominantly a manufacturing area. The most valuable products are machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, instruments, and fabricated metal items. Printing and publishing are also major endeavors. Other economic activities include the processing of foods, the production of beverages, and the making of rubber and plastic goods, paper products, chemicals, clothing, and textiles (Brown, 2006). It has the most valuable fisheries and is one of the leading colonies in the nation in the value of its catch. The catch includes flounder, haddock, cod, whiting, Pollack, tuna, herring, scallops, lobsters, and clams. On the other hand, Virginia’s economy is based heavily on government 9federal, state, and local), wholesale, and retail trade, services, and manufacturing. Together, they account for more than 80 percent of all nonagricultural employment. Its manufacturing accounts for about a fifth of the colony’s nonagricultural employment. Chemicals and chemical products are of outstanding importance (Morris, 2001). Chief among these are synthetic fibers, such as nylon, and polyester. Tobacco products, particularly cigarettes, are also important. Foods, including dairy products and canned and preserved fruits, vegetables, and seafoods, are processed in many localities. Virginia also has a number of textile mills. Moreover, livestock and livestock products, mainly cattle and milk, provide nearly 60 percent of all farm income. Beef and dairy cattle are raised throughout the area, but are most numerous on the northern Piedmont and in the valleys west of the Blue Ridge. The raising of turkeys and broilers is a major activity (Morris, 2001). In conclusion, Virginia was the site of the first permanent settlement and colony in North America. Virginians were prominent among the nation’s founding fathers and played major roles in the Revolutionary War while Massachusetts was one of the New England states of the United States. These two colonies contributed much of the history of the United States in terms of its state governance and economic contributions to the nation. Reference: 1. Brown, R. D. Massachusetts: a Bicentennial History (Norton, 2006). 2. Morris, Shirley. The Pelican Guide to Virginia (Pelican, 2001).

Plato v.s. Aristotle Essay Example for Free

Plato v.s. Aristotle Essay Plato was a very intelligent philosopher and teacher. Platos most famous student was Aristotle, who regardless of his education by the great philosopher has different views and opinions that Plato. The ideas of Plato and Aristotle would battle constantly. Platos metaphysics and epistemology split the world into the everyday perception of the world and into forms. These forms are best identified as ideas that are just out in the atmosphere. For example, there are so many different designs for creating a table which exist in the real world. However, Plato states that there is somewhere out in the atmosphere, the idea of a perfect table in which all creators of a table base their crappy tables off of. Plato talks about the allegory of the cave cast his beliefs on metaphysics and epistemology. First, he describes people who are forced to sit and watch shadows on a cave wall for the entirety of their lives. The shadows represent how regular people see objects in everyday life. If one of these people, who has only watched shadows, were set free to see what was casting these shadows, and then was demanded to leave the cave they would then see the true forms of objects. To Plato these forms are reality because of their perfection. and that only enlightened philosophers are able to truly comprehend these forms. But, the philosopher with this unique knowledge of the world must preach it to all of the people who dont have the knowledge. Aristotle did have some similar ideas with Plato because he too also believed in forms. However, Aristotle does not see eye-to-eye with Plato that their are ideas floating in the atmposhphere. Aristotle has the thought that these forms exist inside of the objects themselves. So, rather than having the idea of a perfect chair floating in ones imagination the chair would be discovered inside of any chair. Aristotle expresses this idea with the thought of the sould and the body being one, but in perspective they are their own pieces of a being. Basically, the soul represents the forms and the body represents reality. These two philosophers diverge extremely in their ideas also. This can be noticed in how the two philosophers determine what is true and what is not. Aristotle believes that what he has seen and knows to be true is the only case where something can be true. But, Plato would believe anything that he could create reasons to be true. Therefore, Aristotle would rather use scientific method to prove a truth before stating them as true. But, Plato would use common knowledge and intuition to determine the truth of something. Reasoning is definitely not comparable to visually seeing, and therefore Aristotle and Plato differ in their methods of finding truth.

Detecting of Ransomware using Software Defined Networking

Detecting of Ransomware using Software Defined Networking Abstract Ransomware is a major weapon for cyber-extortion. The traditional signature-based detection no longer holds good against modern, sophisticated malware that employs encryption techniques and social engineering. This paper investigates the use of Software Defined Networks (SDN) to detect the illicit communication between infected PCs (ransomware) and their controller known as the Command Control (CC) server. SDN provides unique opportunities to detect malicious DNS requests (associated with malware) and where possible block ransomware controls requests, and thereby prevent ransomware triggering. In this article we mostly look at detection at commercial or business scenarios, where the data handled are much more sensitive and might lead to monetary loss. Index Terms Ransomware, cyber-extortion, Signature-based detection, Software defined Networking. Cyber-Extortion malware can be trace back to three decades earlier [1]. It all started with the malware named PC CYBORG which was delivered through floppy disk. The reports of modern malware known as ransomware were started in early 2005. Since then ransomware has developed into more sophisticated method of attack to extort money from people as well as the companies. Ransomware can make a huge impact on businesses, especially if it strikes mission-critical systems. The attacker forces the companies to pay-out money in the form of bitcoins which can be anonymous and not so easily traceable. If refuse to pay, they threaten to destroy the data. This is a profitable business model to cyber criminals as the companies and people tend to pay out to retrieve the data [2]. It is estimated that the pay-outs to ransomware is close to $1 billion an year as per IBM for 2016[3]. This is just known pay-outs and it crosses more than $1 bn if all the pay-outs are considered. The anonymity of the attacker and necessity of the victim makes it one of the popular attacks to extort money, especially from major tech companies and targeted businessmen. The ransomware is not specific to a single OS platform. From past few years, the ransomware have been developed for different platforms like linux, Mac OS and popular one emerging now a days is for android. In general, the working of modern ransomware is as follows. First, a user machine is infected using various attack vectors for example, clicking on malvertisement, downloads from non-trusted sites, phising, spam, etc. Second, the victims system or the stored data is encrypted (locked), based on the type of ransomware. The modern versions of the ransomware can encrypt storage drives such as cloud storage, Dropbox, and shared network devices. As a result, multiple systems on the network can get compromised, by a single infection. Figure 1 shows the general working of the symmetric and asymmetric crypto ransomware. Fig. 1. (left )Symmetric and (right) asymmetric crypto ransomware As the ransomware evolves, some well know malwares have come into business, such as CryptoLocker, CryptoWall, TeslaCrypt and Locky have been widely used and updated. Detecting these ransomware before the payload activates and start encrypting is very difficult [4]. Figure 2. Shows that only half of anti-virus scanners provide protection for this new malware, even after several days of a new attack being circulated. Fig. 2. Time to detect new malware by antivirus vendors. Recent study shows that the ransomware is becoming successful as the prices are tailored as per companys or countrys ability to pay [5]. If the ransom isnt paid within the expiry of the ransom note, the ransom usually doubles. This instils fear of losing the files or pay higher. This let company or the person feel it is easier and less expensive to pay the ransom and get back the files rather than reporting it and trying to find a solution for it. This makes it important to come up with mitigation techniques to stop this from continuing and The ransomware developers are constantly improving their product which makes it hard for developing long lasting countermeasures. With large number of devices that are getting connected on the internet like the Internet of things, the ransomware is being developed to multiple devices. Most common method of detection of ransomware, infact any malware, is signature based detection. Hence most of the experts suggest keeping the antivirus scanners up to date [6]. But as we have seen from the earlier that not many vendors give out updates that regular. Also with the use of encryption techniques and social engineering, it easily evades the defence in firewall and email spam filters. Hence the detection of entry of ransomware into the system or the network is becoming much more difficult. One more commonly used method of detection is by identifying the extensions. For example, many use extensions like .locky, etc. But this can be masked by encryption techniques. Microsoft advices the best way to tackle ransomware is by having a tested reliable backup to escape the damages of the ransomware [7]. Although this is one of the best methods, creating and maintaining backups for huge organizations can be really expensive and time consuming. Now let us take a look at few of the current implementations to detect ransomware in commercial or business network as they are the major victims because of the data they hold. Majorly used method is implementing products which use User Behaviour Analytics (like Varonics or DatAdvantage). This works on the baseline of normal activity and if there is any other abnormal activity, an alert would be sent to the administrator. The major disadvantage with this is any other legitimate activity which is not mentioned under normal behaviour was reported which led to receiving of lot of false positives about the activity. Other method used was to detect malicious activity by monitoring changes in File Server resource manager (FSRM), function built into Windows Servers. By using canaries, writing unauthorised files can be blocked. This helped in developing PowerShell to block unauthorised user access. Most of the currently used techniques work fairly well with the symmetric crypto ransomware. They tend to be less efficient with the asymmetric crypto ransomware. In this article we look at one of the basic approach that can be taken to mitigate ransomware with the use of Software Defined Networking (SDN). This method is mostly useful in companies or a small network with a system administrator to monitor the network traffic. Proposed method is based on findings after analysing CryptoWall ransomware [8]. But this can be applied to other types of crypto-ransomware, such as Locky TeslaCrypt, etc, which communicates with the Command Control (CC) servers. The primary intension with this proposed method is to cut-off the connection between the victim and the CC systems. Without connection to CC the encryption process is not going to be initiated and thus saving the victims system. With the use of Intrusion detection/Prevention systems(IDPS) or firewalls that are commonly used to filter and detect malicious data, it is very hard to give timely response to such threats as there is lot of data that it encounters because of the number of devices that is connected onto the internet now a days. In this article we take a look at two SDN-based mitigation concepts. We can call them SDN1 and SDN2. Both of them rely on dynamic blacklisting of proxy servers used for connecting to the CC server. However for this method to be efficient, it is necessary to have up to date list of all the malicious proxy servers that are previously identified. In this method of mitigation system, it is necessary to develop a SDN application to cooperate with the SDN controller. The controlled provides all the data necessary for analysis. After the detection of threat, the network can be configured to block all the malicious activity and capture suspicious traffic for investigation. This will also help in recovering symmetric key if the ransomware uses symmetric encryption based ransomware. The functionality of the SDN1 is a simple switch. The switch forces all the DNS traffic to be forwarded to SDN controller for inspection. All the responses are compared and evaluated with the database that contains the list of malicious proxy servers. If the domain name extracted from the DNS is present in the database, the response is discarded or blocked to not let it reach the proxy server. This eliminates the process of encryption on the victims system. An alert is sent to the system administrator about this issue for further investigation. The potential drawback of SDN1 is time taken. The DNS traffic from both legitimate and malicious hosts is delayed as each response is checked with the blacked listed domain database. The SDN2 enhances the performance of SDN1 while addressing this issue. As most of the DNS responses received is legitimate, the SDN2 introduces custom flow. This forwards all the DNS response to intended recipient and only the copy of the response is sent to the SDN controller. While the DNS responses are processed, the controller compares the domains with the ones available on the database. If a blacklisted server is found, the victim IP is extracted and all the traffic between the CC server and the victim IP is dropped and an alert is sent to the system administrator. The pictorial representation of both SDN1 and SDN2 are shown in Figure 3. Fig. 3. SDN-based applications, SDN1 and SDN2. Example testbed of the SDN network Major advantages of using SDN based detection techniques is that it can be used to detect both symmetric as well as asymmetric ransomware. As mentioned earlier without the connection between victim and CC server, the infected host will be able to retrieve the public key and hence will not be able to start the encryption process. As we have seen earlier, this method requires a database that contains all the currently known and used malicious proxy servers. This is the major disadvantage of this method. Currently the developers of this method have a database of about 70,000 malicious domains. But this wont be sufficient as the attackers will be looking for new domains to evade detection. Also methods have to be checked frequently and loopholes need to be fixed as the attackers would seek to exploit any loopholes if found. There are researches that are taking place to detect the ransomware using honeypot techniques. The SDN can be included into the honeypots to further enhance the effectiveness of the detection. Alongside with the SDN, the companies will have to develop an Incident Response team [6]. This team should make plans to tackle the issues according to the importance of the systems and also be given training to be equipped with the necessary steps to take in case of an attack which slipped from the SDN controlled. In case of an attack, steps should be taken to contain the ransomware just to the affected system and it doesnt spread to any other system on the network. It is also important to take a backup of the entire necessary and sensitive files in a secure and tested location. This help in restoring the work quickly in case of unseen attack on a critical system. Also one of the most important developments in ransomware is that now it is not just delivered as a Trojan, it is being developed in a way that it can replicate its code onto the removable devices and network drives. This makes it important to educate and train the employees and the staff about the dangers of ransomware and methods that it can be brought in to the network like the spam emails and social engineering [9]. Also companies should discourage the policy of bring your own device (BYOD). Staff a being more alert about the malware makes is very difficult to launch any attack. As we are looking to develop methods to detect and prevent ransomware, new type of ransomware is emerging that threatens to release all the data online, instead of destroying them, if not paid before the ransom note expires. This is makes it more necessary to develop more sophisticated methods of detection to prevent ransomware attacks. Also as this is an SDN based security application, further research can be undertaken to broaden the spectrum of detection and prevention of other types of malware and attacks like DDoS attacks To efficiently fight ransomware, it is important to break the business model of the ransomware developers. With the reduced income to the ransomware developers, they will have to shut down the proxy servers which in turn help in faster detection of newer developers. The best protection is to prevent infection. This may be tough to achieve and hence in this article we have taken a look at 2 types of SDN based security application that can be implemented to improve protection against ransomware. These rely on up to date database of malicious proxy servers which needs to be updated constantly but once detected, the application works efficiently. We have also discussed that it is achievable to break the connection between the victim and the CC server, with the help of SDN application, to make the encryption impossible. Furthermore, we have seen that it is necessary for the companies to actively invest time and money in training people to develop a sense of security at the workplace to reduce the attacks. We have also discussed that this SDN based application need not be limited to detecting ransomware. This can be further developed to detect and prevent other malware, detect attacks based on the network traffic characteristics or detecting malware based on pattern. References N. Hampton and Z. A. Baig, Ransomware: Emergence of the cyber-extortion menace, in Australian Information Security Management, Perth, 2015. Chris Moore,Detecting Ransomware with Honeypot techniques, 2016 Cybersecurity and Cyberforensics Conference. Ransomware becomes most popular form of attack as payouts approach $1bn a year, Networksecuritynewsletter.com , January 2017. Cisco, Cisco 2015 Midyear Security Report, Cisco, San Jose, 2015. Cath Everett,Ransomware: to pay or not to pay? Computer Fraud and security, April 2016. Ross Brewer, LogRhythm, Ransomware attacks:detection, prevention and cure. D. Mauser and K. Cenerelli, Microsoft Protection Center: Security Tips to Protect Against Ransomware, 6 April 2016. Krzysztof Cabaj and Wojciech Mazurczyk, Using Software-Defined Networking for Ransomware Mitigation: The Case of CryptoWall, NETWORK FORENSICS AND SURVEILLANCE FOR EMERGING NETWORKS. Marc Sollars,Risk-based security: staff can play the defining role in securing assets, Networksecuritynewsletter.com à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ 

Bipolar Disorder - Short Presentation :: essays research papers

Bipolar Disorder, also known as Manic Depression, involves episodes of mania and depression, with periods of stability. Manic episodes are characterized by elevated energy levels, restlessness, feeling of nothing can go wrong, and high self-confidence; while depressive episodes are the exact opposite: low energy, sluggish, sadness, and feeling of hopelessness. Occasionally, people suffering from Bipolar Disorder can suffer more severe symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Although they do not know the exact cause of Bipolar Disorder, researchers believe that biologic, genetic and environmental factors are all involved in causing and triggering episodes of the illness. Evidence suggests that an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain is the culprit. Episodes can last weeks or months. For two years I live with a 16 year-old girl named Nicole who had Bipolar Disorder. I witnessed several episodes ranging from calm to severe. A calm episode would usually consist of only the manic stage. She had about 7 calm episodes while she lived with me. In reality, calm episodes are just episodes caught in enough time so that an adjustment of her medication was able to stabilize her. In a more severe episode, Nicole would usually decline mentally over a 7-day period, at which point she would need to be hospitalized. Nicole’s behavior during a severe episode included wild mood swings: from extreme happiness to anger to sadness; disorganized thinking: she was unable to follow conversations, and would make inappropriate statements; and cutting depression: she tried to kill herself 4 times. Nicole’s illness affected her life completely. Having spent her most of her life in and out of hospitals she was unable to attend school on a regular basis. She had few friends because she was embarrassed to tell them about her condition. Nicole eventually left our house during a severe episode. She became paranoid that we were trying to control her. She packed all of her stuff and left to go live with her mother. We heard that she was hospitalized just 3 days later. She was in the hospital for 5 months, her longest stretch ever. I went and visited her in the hospital several times. I barely recognized her. She was not thinking clearly, delusional, and paranoid. When she was in â€Å"remission†, she was completely normal. Now, she couldn’t pay attention, was fidgety, and told me she was hearing voices again. As of October of 2001, Nicole is living in a halfway house because her illness is unable to be kept under control.

Murder? Oh wait! You Mean an English Paper! Oh! OK! :: Poems

Murder? Oh wait! You Mean an English Paper! Oh! OK! If you ever wanted to kill someone, Like bury their body in your backyard kind of kill, It was probably the moment your English teach spoke these words†¦ â€Å"Your. Next. English. Paper. Is. Due. Next. Monday.† Cringing, you think desperately for a topic to write about. A topic you feel strongly about, A topic worth 20% of your grade. Oh goodness, you begin to hyperventilate. What do you feel strongly about again? You’re only seventeen!!! You’re supposed to know that already?! So you ponder. Opposite. Opposite. A paper about the opposite of something you feel strongly about. So. You. Think. Gay Marriage. NO! You refuse to write a paper about why people. Yes, PEOPLE!! Should not have the right to get married. Drugs. NO! You refuse to write a paper why drugs are good. Laughing to yourself about even the thought of that, you move on to the next possibility. Alcohol. NEGATIVE! You think to yourself, ‘Hmmm†¦ In what incident does alcohol NOT make one look like an idiot?† The stories from your English class are enough to help you keep that belief. Lost. Confused. You don’t know WHAT to write about. So you choose the one thing you can think of, pickles. Why pickles should be eaten with cream cheese. The opposite. Why pickles shouldn’t be eaten with cream cheese. Well that fails! [crumbling up the stupid paper†¦ you didn’t like it anyway. Loser.] Amazing how a rant about pickles can be so amusing†¦ But not work with the topic at hand. And you thought pickles always worked. [note sarcasm] And now, you have come to your final resort. Murder†¦. YOU MEAN!!! Rewriting the English paper†¦ Not murder†¦ Goodness that’s just silly. Who murders over a college English paper? You do obviously†¦ Frustration got the best of you? Check please! Placing your hand to your face you ponder. Your mind a complete blank. You begin to think about what you had for lunch. What did you have for lunch? [sigh] Now you’re just getting off the topic at han You can’t think like this. Your mind has gone on complete shut down and you can think of nothing. Taking a break (break†¦ yeah†¦ even though you hadn’t really been working to begin with) you go and get some pickles and cream cheese to calm your raging nerves. Your pounding heart. And finally decide†¦ why papers like this should not be assigned to college students. The opposite. why papers like this should be assigned to college students. Ok, you know your English teacher meant all the best by assigning this paper. But secretly you blame your current illness on the stress caused by the receiving of this damned paper.

Jumping Mouse :: essays research papers

Jumping Mouse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of Jumping Mouse may seem simple at first. But it is far more than just a story about a small rodent. There are so many underlying themes that reflect society, faith, generosity, personal growth, and many other aspects of a person’s daily life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story starts out with a seemingly simple mouse, who hears what others do not. He dares to question what is out of the ordinary, and seeks out the truth instead of dismissing it as nothing. He shows curiosity, which leads him to new ideas. When he has his experience at the river, he is given a new name, which signifies his own personal growth. When he takes his newfound ideas back to the mouse society they don’t believe him because it is far too different than what they already know, and they decide that he is harmful. The society of mice reflects society in how they didn’t understand something so they pushed it away. So many times people don’t accept or understand things because they are out of the ordinary, so they shun it. It happens every day; with racism and conflicts over human sexuality. Most people don’t understand that there is no way to define normal. All around the world things are different, and one needs to be open minde d enough to understand it. Now look what being open minded did for the mouse. His willingness to listen and his faith in the frog allowed him to see into the rest of the world, even deeper into his own mind. There is a fine line between being open-minded and being gullible. Both will listen to anything to try to understand it, but gullible people lack common sense. The mouse seemed kind of gullible, in how he’d risk his safety by jumping in the water all because the frog said to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jumping mouse is like many people, always seeking a better way of life. The other mice were quite content with their busy life, because that was the way they have always known. But Jumping Mouse had a taste for what else the world had to offer him. When Jumping Mouse met with the old mouse, he found a perfect place to live, free from harm and lots of food. He was told he should stay but somehow, he knew that he could have better. Even later on his journey to find the mountains he discovered a small â€Å"mouse utopia† with an abundant supply of food and shelter, everything a mouse could want.

Examining the relationship between Management Accounting (MA) and Operation Management

In order to come up with the correct relationship between Management Accounting ( MA ) and Operation Management ( OM ) in footings of heightening the organisational public presentation which are stairss in a concatenation taking to increased house value, it should give some practical definitions to the both of the footings. Atkinson, Banker, Kaplan and Young ( 2001 ) defined direction accounting as the procedure of designation, measuring, accretion, analysis, readying, reading and communicating of information used by direction to be after, measure and command within an entity and to guarantee appropriate usage of and answerability for its resources. Kaplan and Cooper ( 1986, 1989 ) defined it as â€Å" the ability of direction accounting patterns ( MAP ) in supplying relevant, seasonably & A ; accurate information to direction for planning, control & A ; determination devising intents is questioned † While the operation direction focuses on carefully pull offing overall activities associated with Product and services direction such as: merchandise creative activity, development, production and distribution every bit good as the activities pull offing purchases, stock list control, quality control, storage, logistics and ratings. Furthermore, it involves the duty of guaranting that concern operations and efficient in footings of utilizing as small resources as needed, and effectual in footings of meeting client demands. Thamboo ( 2008 ) described operation direction â€Å" involves all the activities that converts inputs such as natural stuffs, semi-finished goods, capital, work force, installations and machinery into finished merchandises and services † . In the same manner that MA, OM is a subject with its ain propositions for how to pull off administrations. Where MA is based on accounting Numberss in hierarchal flows of information enabling planning and control, OM is more concerned with technological, architectural and organizational rules established to ease the sidelong flow of goods and services. Great figure of new OM techniques such as Computer Aided Design ( CAD ) ; Computer Aided Manufacturing ( CAM ) , kanban, cross-functional squads and procedure function ingrained in entire quality direction ( TQM ) , merely in clip ( JIT ) or automated patterns focus on the integrating of functional sections, activities and organizational ends, and change the very nature of the planning and control undertakings in operations, which, in bend affect the function of MA. Therefore, this survey aims to understand the responses that have been made within the MA subject in respect to new operational patterns. The survey intend to depict the literature that straight addresses the challenge/barriers from incorporate fabrication /innovations and the altering features of MA design and patterns that have been appointed. Subsequently, the paper will reflect upon possible research inquiries for the hereafter, in order to derive new penetration into the relationship between MA and OM ( Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 ) . The paper is organised as follows. The following subdivision outlines cardinal issues in relation and new operations direction patterns. Then, it describes how operations direction research depicts the job of accounting and follows this with an lineation of operations direction accounting – a natural tenseness than describes the MA inventions that ought to get the better of the misfit between MA techniques and altering environment of operation patterns. Hereafter the paper describes how the challenges / barriers from inventions in OM have been debated in MA research. The subsequent measure is the findings and recommendations. Finally, the paper ends with a brief decision.2.0 Cardinal Issues in Relation and New OM PracticesManagement accounting calculates organizational public presentation for decision-making, coordination and motive utilizing techniques such as cost allotment, duty Centres, transportation monetary values, merchandise costing, public presentation measuring and budgeting. All are expectA ­ed to lend to increased house value. Operations direction has a parallel docket, but has other techniques. These specify flows of stuffs, resources and merchandises, lineation layout in fabrication and service scenes and are concerned with non-financial facets of public presentation such as clip, quality, flexibleness and invention, which are stairss, in a concatenation taking to increased house value ( Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 ) .2.1 Operations direction accounting – a natural tensenessIn order to understand the nature of engagement of operations directors and direction comptrollers in determinations about operational procedures this subdivision briefly outlines their several cardinal undertakings. As a consequence it is suggested that their differing functions and positions may take to a natural tenseness between these two groups of people ( Johnston, Brignall, & A ; Fitzgerald, 2002 ) .2.1.1 The function of the operations directorThe cardi nal undertakings for operations directors include ( Slack et al. , 2001 ) : developing and implementing operations schemes associating the operation to corporate scheme in order to derive competitory advantage ; planing merchandises and services and the procedures by which they are created and delivered ; planning and commanding the stuffs, clients and information used in the procedure to make the goods and services, on clip, every clip ; Continually bettering the operation to do it be effectual and competitory.2.1.2 The function of the direction comptrollerThere are three chief activities undertaken by the accounting and finance map in most administrations, which in little concerns may be performed by the same individual: daily recording of fiscal minutess and their periodic coverage to external parties, chiefly stockholders ; fiscal direction, including determinations on the mix of finance and dividend policy ; Management accounting Management accounting systems generate fiscal information to run into three chief demands ( Drury, 2000 ) : a periodic allotment of costs between cost of goods sold and stock list ; the proviso of information on both an ad hoc and regular periodic footing to help managerial determination devising ; the proviso of information for planning, control and public presentation measuring. A big portion of the activities of direction comptrollers concerns the operation of systems of budgetary control, sometimes referred to as â€Å" managing by the Numberss † ( Ezzamel et al. , 1990 ) . The operation of budgetary control requires that directors be made accountable for those costs and grosss for which they are responsible and which are governable by them. Budgetary control involves puting budgets and so doing periodic comparings of existent public presentation with budget, followed by appropriate action and organizational acquisition ( Fitzgerald et al. , 1991 )2.1.3 A natural tensenessIt is at regular meetings to compare existent public presentation with budget that operations directors and direction comptrollers run into. The direction comptrollers run the systems whereby operational budgets are set, capital undertakings are approved or rejected, and operational directors are held to account. This is ground adequate to understand that there may good be a natura l tenseness between the direction comptrollers and operations directors. Basically, the natural tenseness between operations directors and direction comptrollers is the consequence of their differing positions on two issues. First, operations directors tend to be focused on determination devising today and in the hereafter whereas comptrollers are traditionally concerned with describing on past events. Second, when it comes to bettering procedures, operations directors are looking for ways and means to alter, on the premise that what they do should better the administration ‘s fiscal place. Management comptrollers, on the other manus, being concerned with fiscal coverage, and responsible for budgetary control, are less concerned about alteration per Se and more concerned about the demand to be convinced, in fiscal footings, before any alteration can take topographic point.2.1.4 Tension and the grade of alterationThe cardinal premise of this paper is that this tenseness is likely to evident itself most strongly where operations directors and comptrol lers are brought closely together, for illustration when operations directors are seeking to convey about betterments to operations procedures which may hold an impact on budgets and capital outgo. Process alteration, such as the execution of new computer-based procedures or equipment, alterations in bringing systems such as Internet-based trading, or the restructuring of bing procedures, functions and duties, may good affect determinations on capital outgo, hazard appraisal, allotment of costs, the pulling up of budgets and execution of new fiscal and operational control systems ( Lynch & A ; Cross, 1991 ; Nanni et Al, 1990, 1992 ; Shank & A ; Govindarajan, 1993 ) .2.2 Issues in New OM PracticesMany complex direction conA ­cepts have been introduced to define better ways to pull off modern operations. Entire quality direction ( TQM ) , merely in clip JIT ) , thin fabrication, agile manuA ­facturing, time-based direction, universe category fabrication and flexible manufacA ­tu ring are merely a few illustrations. In 1974, Skinner argued that the function of fabrication or operations is strategic. Several observers, research workers and others have followed his suggestions for increasing a company ‘s competitory advantage through fabrication ( Hayes & A ; Wheelwright, 1984 ; Schonberger, 1986 ; Womack et ah, 1991 ) . Figure 1 shows how four cardinal dimensions of a fabrication system differ between two alternate attacks to planing operations to suit alterations in the environment. One design produces at a low cost and the other, whilst more costA ­ly, can bring forth more differentiated merchandises that sell at comparatively higher monetary values. The system on the right of Figure 1 is a mass-producer with high modus operandi and predictabiliA ­ty, while the system on the left is flexible and complex i.e. the first represents a fabrication system run for maximal efficiency, whereas the other dressed ores on flexibleness. Actual designs implement these rules in some signifier. But, before exemplifying this, it is utile to present the opposA ­ing thoughts about mill and operations administration that are built-in in stuffs ‘ demand planning ( MRP ) system and merely in clip ( JIT ) rules, since they illusA ­trate the control jobs encountered in such production systems.2.3 Critical C ontemplations on â€Å" The Problem of Accounting † Management Accounting Position:Hansen & A ; Mouritsen ( 2007 ) mentioned that it is a functional to alter functions and map of direction accounting while altering the operations environments sing to this affair this subdivision highlights the apparent jobs. Equally good as, there are several reviews against accounting could be summarized as follows: Accounting operations are wholly promoted on fiscal public presentation steps instead than non-financial steps. Accounting operations are promoted on hierarchal instead than sidelong dealingss. Accounting operations are promoted on criterion ( position quo ) state of affairs instead than betterment. Accounting operations are promoted on control instead than authorization. Management accounting may good hold a axial rotation in the new fabrication scene. The undermentioned four claims would explicate why: First claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes fiscal public presentation steps instead than non-financial steps. There are two grounds that justify why non-financial steps are more of import in fabrication. The first claim is that schemes concentrating on cost efficiency are largely changed by distinction other schemes focused on flexibleness, velocity and quality because fabrication could unite both types of schemes. Consequently, these schemes could be obtained at the same clip. The 2nd statement is that fiscal public presentation steps are excessively abstract and non operational to steer sceptered workers in the new fabrication systems because those workers need more operational information to do right determinations. Although, fiscal accounting information is frequently portrayed as irrelevant and excessively aggregated for the determination shapers every bit good as fiscal public presentation steps has used as a store floor and fiscal information is valuable at the store floor if reorganized it can be stimulus for betterment of the fabrication system. Activity based costing has been used as a solution for this job by supplying more accurate cost information that are aligned to the operational world. Finally cost accounting has been related to concerns about production clip. Therefore direction accounting seem to be important in thin fabrication systems because it provides information for operators for local determination devising and larning contributes to understanding the economic sciences of the new fabrication schemes every bit good as creates inducements harmonizing to the ends of thin fabricating systems. Furthermore, non fiscal information may non needfully be more existent. Second claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes hierarchical instead than sidelong dealingss. The complexness and kineticss frequently present in new operational scenes are presumed to be better accommodated by sidelong instead than hierarchal coordination to guarantee quality, flexibleness, invention and productiveness. New organisational devices, such as multi-skilled workers, cross-functional footings, self-management rules and affair functions, are proposed as replies to complex and dynamic environment that require fast and advanced responses. The single determination shapers in the value concatenation do non needfully have cognition of the whole value concatenation even when there is common integrating with the determination shaper future upstream and downstream. In bend, a hierarchy may make inducements or supply information that enables the sidelong orientation. Operation direction review with accounting may be that operation direction ‘s attending to nonfina ncial steps does non acknowledge how accounting creates the infinite within which nonfinancial steps are used. Third claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes standardization instead than larning and uninterrupted betterments. Standards do non excite persons to transcend criterions. Furthermore, criterions are frequently considered as mechanisms that lead to stand in optimisation in organisations. Standard can hold different belongingss and there may be a disagreement between motivational and planning intents. For case, effectual motive frequently requires criterions that are higher that what is usually accomplishable and frequent accommodation is necessary. In contrast, any job with standard scene may impact employees ‘ public presentation due to dispute of asymmetric information. Directors and supervisors do non needfully cognize the occupation or procedure that they evaluate and employees may work that for their ain benefits in this instance the solution is seting or enrooting the trust between directors and supervisors on the one side and employees on the other. Finally, It could be said that the standard scene and sidelong dealingss do non needfully to conflict because that relies upon what criterions are set for and what is the end of this criterion every bit good. Fourth claim: Relevance is lost because accounting promotes top-down control instead than authorization. The impressions of self-management and empowerment, indispensable in thin fabrication systems, run counter to accounting Numberss that are diagnostic levers of control whereby operations are planed monitored and evaluated by upper degree directors. Self direction implies that governments for determination devising and control are given to the employees. Here, accounting Numberss are synergistic levers of control used for single acquisition and determination devising instead than top-down monitoring and public presentation rating. However, accounting Numberss may hold disciplinary consequence, as workers can non command how these Numberss are used for surveillance by others. Therefore local operational informations is non merely utile locally ; it can go portion of wider systems of answerability. Paradoxically, self direction and thin fabrication can convey stronger hierarchal syst ems of answerability. Equally good as direction accounting will still be used for control and monitoring because duty centres are still in topographic point in modern fabrication scenes. Besides there are other types of duty centres which are promoted by direction accounting as relevant in altering operation direction patterns. For case, some organisations motivate their employees by supplying them with net income information because, it is argued that this type of inducements considered more comprehensive fiscal signal than cost decrease. In bend the old index provides inducements for uninterrupted betterment even when employees work squads are non organized as net income centres. Therefore hierarchal systems of answerability still play important function in modern fabrication scenes.3.0 InventionsInvention is by and large regarded as an of import research subject because inventions are believed to enable organisations to successfully accommodate to, and survive, volatile concern e nvironments ( Rogers, 1995 ) Management comptrollers ‘ part to this invention procedure is to guarantee that directors are provided with information that continues to be relevant as concern fortunes alteration. However, direction comptrollers have been criticized for their inability to introduce ( Kaplan and Johnson, 1987 ) and these perceptual experiences continue to prevail in visible radiation of the comparatively low success rate in implementing ‘new ‘ direction accounting inventions such as ABC and the balanced scorecard ( Cobb et al. , 1992 ; Reeve, 1996 ; Chenhall ; Langfield-Smith, 1998a ; Lukka & A ; Granlund, 2002 ) . This deficiency of invention was described by Kaplan ( 1986 ) as ‘accounting slowdown ‘ that needs to be minimized in order to maintain direction accounting relevant to the altering information demands of directors. However, at the clip Kaplan ( 1986 ) coined the term ‘accounting slowdown ‘ , there was small research about direction accounting invention and research workers have merely turned their attending to this issue in recent old ages. This research into direction accounting invention has now matured into several different wa tercourses and this literature is reviewed in order to turn up this survey within that literature. Inventions in operations direction ( OM ) have challenged direction accounting ( MA ) for more than two decennaries ( Berliner & A ; Brimson, 1988 ; Cooper, 1995 ; Johnson, 1992 ; Kaplan, 1983, 1990 ; Maskell, 2003 ) . Automation, just-in-time ( JIT ) and entire quality direction ( TQM ) are illustrations of patterns that have changed fabrication systems ( Hayes & A ; Wheelwright, 1984 ; Schonberger, 1986, 1996 ; Womack et al. , 1991 ) and are today considered to be basic elements in the OM subject, and pivotal in the pursuit of fight.3.1 Inventions in OM – Prosecuting Integrated FabricationIntegrated fabrication environment JIT, TQM and mechanization, and characterises the new fabrication paradigm as a affair of integrating. Hayes ; Wheelwright ( 1979, 1984 ) ; Wheelwright and Hayes ( 1985 ) who present the statement for heightened attending to fabrication in the modern universe. They point to the deficiency of fight in American fabrication industries compared to Asian and Eu ropean makers in the 1970s and 1980s ( Clark et al. , 1985 & A ; Teece, 1987 ) , and the impulse to rethink fabrication and the rule of OM, and by making so, they set the phase for incorporate fabrication and the functions of mechanization, JIT and TQM.3.1.1 Puting OM on the Strategic AgendaSkinner ( 1969, 1974 ) was one of the first to indicate to the strategic function of manufacturing/operations. Skinner ‘s response to ‘the productiveness crisis ‘ in the early 1970s in the US was to offer an optimistic position, proposing that what was needed was non to experience powerless in viing against cheaper foreign labor. From his survey of about 50 workss in six industries, he pinpointed three constructs in focussed fabrication which he considered dealt with the productiveness quandary: ( 1 ) there are many ways to vie besides bring forthing at low costs ; ( 2 ) a mill can non execute good on every yardstick ; ( 3 ) simpleness and repeat strain competency Hayes and Wheelwright coined the term ‘world category fabrication ‘ ( Hayes & A ; Wheelwright, 1979, 1984 ; Wheelwright & A ; Hayes, 1985 ) . They developed world-class fabrication based on in-depth analysis of the patterns implemented by Nipponese, German and US houses that exhibited outstanding public presentation. Hayes and Wheelwright ( 1984 ) offer six design suggestions: ( 1 ) construct the accomplishments and capablenesss of your work force, ( 2 ) construct proficient competency throughout direction, ( 3 ) compete through quality, ( 4 ) develop existent worker engagement, ( 5 ) rebuild fabricating technology, ( 6 ) tortoise and hare attacks to industrial competition. Furthermore, Hayes and Wheelwright emphasise incremental betterment patterns instead than strategic leap alterations in corporate development.3.1.2 Incorporate FabricationDean and Snell ‘s ( 1991 ) impression of incorporate fabrication, as it conceptualizes the new fabrication pattern in three pa tterns: advanced fabrication engineering ( mechanization ) , JIT stock list control and TQM. Advanced fabrication engineering, TQM and JIT stock list control work in concert to transform fabrication administrations, and they complement one another. For illustration, JIT enhances entire quality, because a decrease in stock list unmaskings quality jobs that were antecedently hidden, and entire quality facilitates JIT, because hapless quality is one of the chief grounds for keeping ‘just-in-case ‘ degrees of stock list. Advanced fabricating engineering may besides be closely linked with entire quality and JIT. For illustration, Majchrzak ( 1988 ) observed that ‘flexible mechanization creates an increased dependance on quality control ‘ . However, Warner ( 1987 ) argued that these techniques can replace one another, with a company utilizing JIT or TQM in topographic point of advanced fabrication engineering. Dean and Snell ( 1991 ) propose that each of the patterns represents a different aspect of incorporate fabrication, a paradigm of fabricating direction whose nucleus construct is the riddance of barriers between different facets of fabricating operations. 3.1.2.1 Advanced fabrication engineering ( mechanization ) includes computer-based engineerings such as computer-aided design, technology, fabrication and procedure planning ( CAD, CAE, CAM and CAPP ) . These engineerings are sometimes combined into flexible or computer-integrated fabrication systems ( FMS, CIM ) , where the potency for integrating is a cardinal feature of advanced fabrication engineering. 3.1.2.2 Just-in-time ( JIT ) is a system for cut downing ‘lead clip ‘ , stock list and thereby cost. With JIT, workss receive purchased parts merely in clip for usage in fabrication ( Schonberger, 1986 ; Womack et al. , 1991 ) . A figure of other techniques relate to the JIT construct. For illustration, the kanban system of minimising work-in-process stock list by utilizing cards to draw parts through a mill is frequently associated with JIT control. Other related techniques include minimising batch sizes by cut downing machine apparatus and conversion times, and set uping close working relationships with a little figure of providers. 3.1.2.3 Entire quality direction ( TQM ) is the most elusive of the three constituents of incorporate fabrication, because of the many intensions of the term ‘quality ‘ . Like JIT, entire quality involves a few, comparatively simple cardinal constructs, and what Dean and Snell name ‘an formless array of peripheral associated patterns ‘ . The nucleus thoughts include behaviors things right the first clip, endeavoring for uninterrupted betterment and apprehension and run intoing client demands. Associated patterns include statistical procedure control, quality map deployment and Taguchi methods. Quality was ab initio limited to mill floors, but entire quality is now understood to use to all countries of endeavors. Companies eliminate barriers in three ways: ( 1 ) incorporate the phases of production, ( 2 ) integrate functional sections and ( 3 ) integrate fabrication ends. Therefore, Dean and Snell talk about three different signifiers of integrating: phase integrating, functional integrating and end integrating. With respects to present integrating, Dean and Snell ( 1991, 778 ) emphasise that ‘the pattern underlying incorporate fabrication integrates the phases of fabrication procedures in footings of clip, infinite and information. JIT eliminates work-in-process buffers between production phases, and any stairss, such as the motion of parts, that do non add value to the merchandise. Consistent with entire quality ‘s premiss of making things right the first clip, reviews and rework between phases are besides eliminated. Companies practising these techniques frequently create †cells † in which machines executing consecutive operations on similar merchandises are located next to one another in a works. Such steps dramatically cut down clip and infinite between phases ‘ . Table 1 summarises these thoughts. This paper besides argues that invention in OM typically deals with the sidelong flows within and beyond the house. Like MA, OM is concerned with the transmutation of inputs into end products, but in contrast to MA, OM develops and explicates how this transmutation takes topographic point in item. In a sense, while MA is concerned with juxtaposing a series of inquiries about determination devising, duty and answerability on the procedure of transmutation, mechanization, TQM and JIT are more focussed on the specific stairss in the transmutation procedure. As a effect, the objects of OM are related to throughput mechanisms including the design of fabrication and service production systems, the design of merchandises and services, the design of dealingss beyond the house, the design of ( mill ) layout and the flow of services and merchandises, the design of production and service engineering and besides the design of work administration. This is a really wide spectrum of objects, which testifies that OM efforts to develop propositions about most things in a house: the lone caution is that these objects have to be subordinated to the flow of the merchandise or service in the supply, fabrication and ingestion procedures. Many invention surveies in direction accounting scenes focus on a individual invention as the unit of survey, and Lukka and Granlund ( 2002 ) indicate that ABC is the individual most studied invention. Traditional soaking up bing systems have long been capable to unfavorable judgment. This clip the focal point of unfavorable judgment was that these systems do non accurately step costs for determination devising intents and activity based costing ( ABC ) has been developed and promoted. Besides, mark costing and the ‘costing of quality ‘ were introduced as tools for facing increased competition ( Abdel-Kader & A ; Luther, 2006 ) .4.0 Challenges from Inventions in Operations Management from a Management Accounting Point of ViewMA research has considered inventions in OM to present a challenge for more than two decennaries ( Berliner & A ; Brimson, 1988 ; Bromwich & A ; Bhimani, 1994 ; Johnson & A ; Kaplan, 1987 ; Kaplan, 1983, 1984, 1990 ) . This paper analyses the response s to the new fabrication paradigm given in MA research. As mentioned above, we draw on Dean and Snell ‘s ( 1991 ) impression of incorporate fabrication in our apprehension of the new fabrication paradigm. However, in the reappraisal it is the single research worker ‘s ain definition of incorporate manufacturing-related to mechanization, TQM or JIT – which forms the footing for characterizing the relationship between MA and OM. Figure 2 identifies five challenges related to integrated fabrication that are addressed in the MA research: ( 1 ) decentralization, ( 2 ) non-financial public presentation measuring, ( 3 ) cost computations, ( 4 ) criterion scene and ( 5 ) wages systems. These five challenges are non a comprehensive list of all facets addressed in the MA research concentrating on inventions in OM. However, we believe that these points give a representative image of how the MA research has responded to the challenge from incorporate fabrication.Figure 2 OM c hallenges from a MA position ( Adapted from Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 )4.1 Role engagement ‘s consequence on innovativenessRole engagement is expected to impact innovativeness in footings of: ( 1 ) cognition about the rightness of inventions ; ( 2 ) credence of the inventions by concern unit directors ; and ( 3 ) inducements to introduce. The first and 2nd facets of function engagement affect the ability of direction comptrollers to introduce while the 3rd affects their motive to introduce ( Emsley, 2005 ) .4.1.1 Knowledge about the rightness of inventionsTo successfully introduce, the direction comptroller needs to be cognizant of an invention every bit good as understanding its rightness to a concern unit director ‘s demands. However, â€Å" consciousness † and â€Å" rightness † are separate issues and function engagement is merely argued to be of import for understanding the rightness of inventions for concern unit directors ‘ demands. Management comptrollers with a concern unit orientation are more likely to cognize whether an innoA ­vation is appropriate or non because they work aboard and/or study to concern unit directors. This propinquity to, and contact with, concern unit directors means that these direction comptrollers will be more familiar with the kind of determinations concern unit directors make, more likely to understand the information that is of most value to doing those determinations, accordingly, they are more likely to cognize which inventions are appropriate for bring forthing that information. As these inventions need to reflect altering concern unit needs, direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation are less likely to be constrained by functional ( accounting ) dictates and accordingly the inventions are besides more likely to be viewed as extremist ( Emsley, 2005 ) .4.1.2 Acceptance of inventions by concern unit directorsEmsley ( 2005 ) mentioned that cognition about the rightnes s of a direction accounting invention is likely to be a necA ­essary but deficient measure to originating inventions. The 2nd manner function engagement affects the deA ­velopment of inventions concerns the grade to which direction accounting inventions are acA ­cepted by concern unit directors. Inventions initiated by direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation are more likely to be accepted because they can cut down concern unit directors ‘ perA ­ceived uncertainness about the benefits of the inventions every bit good as lessen their opposition to innovaA ­tions. The sensed uncertainness environing the benefits of direction accounting inventions is likely to be comparatively high because they are administrative inventions whose benefits are hard to show and detect ex ante, at least comparative to proficient inventions ( Dunk, 1989 ) For illustration, the benefit of a proficient invention that makes a machine tally faster is likely easier to show than the betterment to determination devising as a consequence of implementing an administrative invention such as ABC. Consequently to be confident that the claimed benefits of a direction accounting invention will happen, the concern unit director needs to pass clip going familiar with the information generated by the invention in order to appreciate its utility. However, the concern unit director can short-cut this procedure if s/he can swear the direction comptroller ‘s sentiment about the benefits and costs of an invention and this trust is more likely where the direction comptroller has a concern unit orientation because trust will hold developed as a consequence of working together in the yesteryear. This state of affairs is particularly relevant for extremist inventions whose benefits are frequently harder to show antique ante and greater resources are needed to implement them. In contrast, less trust is likely to be between a concern unit director and a direction comptroller with a functional ( accounting ) orientation, accordingly, the concern unit director will be less certain about the benefits of the invention and will be less likely to accept it as a consequence ( Emsley, 2005 ) . With respects to understating the degree of opposition to the invention, societal identify theory ( Janis, 1982 ; Tajfels, 1978 ) indicates that direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation will go a member of the â€Å" in † group ( i.e. the concern unit ) and, accordingly, will happen it less hard to acquire their positions accepted within the concern unit than direction comptrollers with a functional orientation who will be viewed as members of an â€Å" out † group. In the former instance the direction accountant tends to be viewed as â€Å" one of us but different to us † compared to the latter instance where the direction comptroller is viewed as â€Å" one of them † . This state of affairs is particularly relevant for extremist inventions where the going from bing methods is larger and a greater religion in the direction comptroller is necessary ( both in footings of the invention ‘s benefits to the concern unit and any possible down side that might accrue to the concern unit as a consequence of implementing the invention ) .4.1.3 Incentives to introduceThe 3rd manner a direction comptroller ‘s function engagement affects the development of inventions is through their inducements to introduce. Incentives include a direction comptroller ‘s wagess and future chances but besides includes the enhanced occupation satisfaction that comes from greater occupation enrichment ( Argyris & A ; Kaplan, 1994 ) These inducements are likely to be mostly determined by the direction comptroller ‘s higher-up who, for direction comptrollers with a concern unit orientation, is likely to be the concern unit director. In such state of affairss, inducements are more likely to be geared to the accomplishment of concern unit ends where the direction comptroller will take to bring forth information that is geared towards accomplishing these ends and, as such, will be less likely to be constrained by conventions of functi onal accounting ; furthermore, in order to run into the assorted demands of the concern unit, inventions are likely to be extremist compared to bing pattern ( Emsley, 2005 ) . For direction comptrollers who are functionally orientated, their higher-ups will be comptrollers who are more likely to aline direction comptrollers ‘ inducements with the accomplishment of functional ends ( such as pull offing hard currency flows and conformity coverage ) than concern unit ends. In such state of affairss, there is less incentive and motive for them to prosecute inventions designed to accomplish concern unit directors ‘ ends. This state of affairs is particularly likely if direction comptrollers with a functional orientation have to put considerable clip and attempt to convert the concern unit director of the invention ‘s benefits or if prosecuting those inventions threatens the accomplishment of functional ends. These statements all lead to the outlook that the function engagement of direction comptrollers will be associated with their innovativeness ( Emsley, 2005 ) . Some research workers have identified factors such as deficiency of top direction willingness, deficiency of equal function theoretical accounts, the accent on fiscal accounting and the laterality of computing machine based accounting systems. Others have included organizational scheme, construction and the influence of communicating channels as factors act uponing the diffusion of direction accounting inventions ( Yazdifar & A ; Askarany, 2008 ) .4.2 Barriers to following new accounting techniquesEverett and Waldron ( 2000 ) mentioned that restrictions relative to a house ‘s human resources were the most comA ­monly cited barriers to the debut of new accounting techniques and patterns. In peculiar, the cost of alteration related to people and clip, and a deficiency of relevant accomplishments were the top three barriers reported, as shown in Table ( 2 ) 40 % or more of the respondents identified each of these three factors. The 4th most cited barrier, selected by 37 % of the respondents, was direction inactiveness. This job, which repA ­resents yet another human resource barrier, besides featured in a survey of barriers to UK maker ‘s acceptance of throughput accounting that was conducted by Dugdale and Jones ( 1998 ) . It would look that more attempt demands to be expended in educatA ­ing troughs about the now accounting techniques and the benefits that can be realized from their usage. Askarany and Yazdifar ( 2007 ( indicated that factors related to the features of inventions are seemed to be among the most of import influencing factors impacting the diffusion of cost and direction accounting alterations: 1. Lack of suited package plans. 2. Cost of system set up and its execution. 3. Cost of keeping and roll uping cost information. 4. Lack of information on available bing techniques. 5. Management policies and precedences. 6. Lack of appropriate cost accounting accomplishments. 7. Low benefit arising from alteration compared with higher needed outgo. 8. Lack of assurance in the ability of new accounting techniques. 9. Adequacy of current system. 10. Employee opposition. 11. Insufficiency of the current system non being of import plenty to necessitate alteration in the costing system. 12. External fiscal or cost accounting criterions or patterns5.0 Findingss and RecommendationsThe findings suggest that top direction committedness and support is a cardinal factor in acceptance and successful execution of new cost and direction accounting techniques. However, the top direction committedness and support will be more effectual if it is backed up by sufficient top direction penetration. They need to cognize about the new techniques being implemented in their company and be able to pass on this to others. The findings besides indicated that direction accounting inventions may be able to cut down the misfit between direction accounting techniques and the altering environment of operation patterns. As Snell & A ; Dean ( 1991 ) suggest, mechanization, TQM and JIT are major inventions in operational patterns in companies around the universe, and they contribute to the integrating of phases, maps and ends in what has been called a new fabrication paradigm. The consequences of the research provide of import information to ease the diffusion of late developed direction accounting techniques in pattern. Such developments are expected to increase the satisfaction of users of current direction accounting information. The findings may besides be helpful in be aftering successful execution of any direction accounting alteration programme. The research findings suggest that directors and practicians should seek a better apprehension of the nature and features of new direction accounting techniques that they are be aftering to follow. The findings are besides relevant for directors and practicians working in group administrations, as the research suggests that they need a better apprehension of the operations and demands of subordinate companies. In 2002, Johnston, Brignall, and Fitzgerald recommended that at that place look to be six requirements that appear to assistance and underpin coaction: team-working ; sound and good established accounting systems ; comptrollers with good concern and procedure cognition ; comptrollers with a flexible position of their functions ; comptrollers with good interpersonal and communications accomplishments ; comptrollers who were willing to dispute the position quo and facilitate alteration. The comptrollers who worked closely with operations directors in procedure alteration appear to be non-traditional comptrollers, who act as facilitators and anchors for concern determinations. There are several issues for operations directors in order to interrupt down the tenseness between operations directors and direction comptrollers. First, there is a demand to promote comptrollers to go involved in the operation and to understand, first manus, the issues confronting operations directors. Second, this may be achieved by greater usage of cross-functional squads non merely to portion understanding but besides to make common ownership of jobs. Third, operations directors need to recognize and utilize the accomplishments of the comptrollers, in peculiar promote their functions in supplying non-financial information and utilize their accomplishments in interpretation and circulating information. Fourth, operations directors should see comptrollers as facilitators non as a barrier to alter. It would look that the potency of direction comptrollers is much maligned and misunderstood and their accomplishments undervalued and under-utilised in procedure alteration – a ca rdinal undertaking for operations directors. Using the refined instrument, the following 14 points were identified to mensurate features of direction accounting invention: 1. Can acquire the occupation done quicker. 2. Can make the occupation easier. 3. Can better the quality of service. 4. Can make the occupation more efficaciously. 5. Can accomplish greater control over work procedures. 6. Can be learned rapidly and easy. 7. Is easy to implement. 8. Is compatible with exist-ing procedures. 9. Has minor deductions for other procedures. 10. Is compatible with corporate civilization. 11. Advantages/benefits are clear and incontrovertible. 12. Results are easy reported/communicated. 13. Able to test the technique to guarantee it does what it said it would. 14. Enhances the profile and repute of the company ) Askarany & A ; Yazdifar, 2007 ) .6.0 DecisionManagement accounting work out organisational public presentation for decision-making, coorA ­dination and motive utilizing techniques such as cost allotment, duty centres, trans portation monetary values, merchandise costing, public presentation measuring and budgeting while operations direction concerned with non-financial facets of public presentation such as clip, quality, flexibleness and invention, which are both techniques stairss in a concatenation taking to increased house value. Even if direction accounting can be described as fiscal and hierarchal, and concerned with criterions and control, it may good hold a function in the new manufacA ­turing scene. In add-on, direction accounting and operations direction have much to state to each other because, as Bromwich and Bhimani ( 1994 ) note, many challenges confronting modA ­ern direction accounting semen from an operations environment. The writers ‘ analysis justify this position: new ways to gestate of direction accounting emerge from analyzing its interaction with operations direction. Both have similar concerns and decisions about the importance of non-financial information in modern fabrication environA ­ments. A In whatever manner, the paper analysis confront the imitation of accounting frequently made in arguments about operations direction and more by and large. Hansen and Mouritsen ( 2007 ) recommend that the linguistic communication of operations is non a strictly non-financial. Employees do understand fiscal linguistic communication to a certain extent. Standard cost systems are used as a catA ­alyst for betterment procedures and ‘pseudo net income centres ‘ provide inducements for continA ­uous betterment. In add-on, direction accounting is of import as it describes the economic sciences of flexibleness, velocity and invention. As good they argue that standard cost systems and discrepancy analysis do non needfully conflict with aspirations for ‘zero defect ‘ schemes and sidelong dealingss as is suggested by many operA ­ations direction observers. Operations direction has confronted direction accounting for rather a piece. on the other manus, direction accounting could likewise be a confront for operations direction, at the same clip as the restrictions around and within operations depend upon computations that join flows of merchandises and services, persons with organisational ends, and thoughts of fight to profitableness and control. Management accounting and operations direction can larn and develop one from the other. There is an unsolved tenseness between the different functions of nonfinancial public presentation steps in respect to local and cardinal information systems that build on two different sets of logic, one is oriented towards operational acquisition and uninterrupted betterment, while the other is oriented towards control. Therefore, the vagueness of the function of nonfinancial public presentation steps in incorporate fabrication still leaves us with a important inquiry for the hereafter Another trait of the MA research is the focal point on the economic sciences of integrating, and in peculiar, the demand for new cost computations in footings of supplying determination shapers in incorporate fabricating systems with better information. For case, the cost decrease potency of the ‘integration of maps ‘ such as the production and design interface can be made clear by agencies of life-cycle costing, which helps design for manufacturability. Furthermore, the economic sciences of flexibleness and quality reflected in ABC and quality bing supply input to determination shapers about the bounds of the integrating scheme. New cost computations are besides introduced in order to bring forth inducements to increase throughput by agencies of back flower or throughput accounting, which have been specifically adapted to JIT scenes. One possible function of MA research here is to look into tradeoffs between types of fabricating systems ( Hansen & A ; Mouritsen, 2007 ) . It can be conclude that operations manA ­agement and direction accounting can larn and develop one from the other. In add-on, direction accounting inventions may be able to cut down the misfit between direction accounting techniques and the altering environment of operation patterns.