Brave New World and Anthem Essay

In both Brave New World and Anthem the underlying themes are very similar. The government controls every aspect of people’s lives, everyone is supposed to be perfectly happy with what role they are given, and the main character do not fit into what the government was deemed normal. While both books have these very similar traits, there are many differences as well; the way the government controls the people, as well as the form of government, the way people of both societies treat each other, and the situation in which the main characters are placed. In both Brave New World and Anthem the government controls everything about a person. In Brave New World the government has taken the ultimate step in controlling the people. The government has taken people’s right to have children away, and instead grow children in labs, dictating what the child’s life will be like from the time the sperm is introduced to the egg. The government adds enhancers if they want the child to come out smart, or things like alcohol to the embryo if they want it to come out stupid. Then the child is put through a series of conditioning treatments that make the child behave exactly how the government wants the child to (Huxley). In Anthem the government has also taken control of every aspect of te people’s lives. They are not as drastic as the government in Brave New World, but they put a child through a conditioning school, they choose the job that the person will do, and they choose when babies will be made. In Anthem the government is a council of leaders that have been chosen by the previous leaders to lead the people, and make them conform to the way that the council wants the people to think. There are councils in every city in Anthem as well as sub-council that control other aspects of life, for example the council of scholars rules over the new inventions, and studies conducted (Rand). Brave New World’s government is a series of people called controllers that rule over a continent, each controller is in charge of everything that happens in the continent be it new discoveries, or what kind of felly to show the people. The controllers have absolute power within their continents, but there is also a world council. Each controller is part of the world council and they make decisions that involve more than one controller’s continent. In the books the government has taken measures to see that everyone is perfectly happy, no matter what the cost of happiness is. In Anthem the children are taught from infancy that they would be perfectly happy if they loved their brothers and did their best to serve them. The children were punished if they tried to do something that their brothers would not like, or would not benefit the rest of the population. This method did not always work because some people where resistant to the ideas, and would always think in a different way that would make them unhappy. Also in Anthem the men are taught to stay happy they must serve their brothers fully and not interact with women at all. It is a crime to interact with women outside of the time of breeding. While in Brave New World the government took the children from birth and used conditioning as well as things like electric shocks to make the children think a certain way. This method is used until the children reach adulthood, and then to keep the population happy they are given a drug called soma. Soma is a mind altering drug ha makes the people happy an forget all their worries. The government convinced everyone that Soma was solution to the unhappiness in the world. Yet, this happiness is one reduced to sheer consumerism, just as politics in the brave new world is degraded to conformism. ( Diken Bulent). More tellingly yet, the only alternative set in the book against this sterile, suffocating civilization is religious fundamentalism (Diken Bulent). Another way that the government in Brave New World fools everyone into thinking that they are happy is by teaching the population that everyone belongs to everyone, and that having sex with as many people as possible as often as possible is a good thing, and is highly encouraged. The main characters in both Brave New World and Anthem do not fit into what the governments see as the perfect world. In Anthem Equality 7-2521 who was born into his society wanted to be a scholar, and help his brothers with his ideas, and inventions, but he was assigned to be a street sweeper. When Equality tried to change his life, and took the light bulb to the scholars hoping that they would accept him into their ranks and let him study with them. Equality was then punished and sentenced to death for trying to help his brothers better themselves, but escaped with his beloved and founded a new colony in which the mind would not be oppressed by the government. In Brave New World John is a boy from a reservation brought into society as an experiment, he does not understand the logic of the people, or the way they are until he meets the controller of the continent. While everyone that was raised in society is very promiscuous, and open with everything, John who was raised on the reservation only wants to be with one person, and keep his relationship private. This goes against everything that the people of civilization believe in. the differences eventually lead to John leaving the city to go live in a lighthouse far from the city. He eventually killed himself because he could no longer handle what was going on in his head, and the things going on around him. Brave New World and Anthem where very similar in the fact that they both had governments that dictated everything, things that where suppose to eliminate unhappiness, and had main characters that did not fit into the world in which they found themselves living. There where also pretty outstanding differences between the books as well though, the way the two societies viewed interactions with the opposite sex, the ways the governments where structured, and most of all the ending of the books. One character goes on to live his life with the one he loves, while the other commits suicide.

I am performing in a Play called Trojans Essay

It is an old Greek legend but has been re-written and modernised as a play by Simon Adorian. It is about a siege of the city of Troy by the Achaeans. It was over Princess Helena who Prince Paris stole off the leader of the Achaeans, Menelaus. It is shown that it is set in modern times by the spray painting by my character, Prince Cassius, at the beginning and when Laocoon talks about the burnt out cars in scene 3. It uses a Greek style in the way it is written by using a chorus, the youths, although in Greek plays these parts would usually have been sung rather than acted out. The other play I have studied is â€Å"Oedipus the King†. This is a Greek play that is set in Greek times. Greek theatre differed very much from today’s theatre because there was no scenery. It had a raised section on the back of the stage, on which actors stood in order to be seen better. Any murder that took place was committed off stage, but with the chorus filling in the details. The dead body was the brought on the stage on a flat low trolley with wheels to show who had been murdered. The performance styles of the two plays do not differ too much from each other. The chorus still exists in Trojans through the youths, rather than an off stage singing group. Both plays have women in the positions of power and status. Trojans is a modern play with modern cultural themes portrayed through the characters. This would appeal to a modern audience more readily than Oedipus. Oedipus would have been performed in ancient times. In the Greek theatre only male actors were allowed. Also no women were allowed in the audience so it would have been a play by men for men. Trojans now has a mixed audience and therefore explores the issues women have as well as men. This is shown by the peace protestors, who are mainly women, and the youths, who are mainly men. The way plays were portrayed to the audience in Greek times was solely through the chorus, who described the scenery and who was who. There were only three actors in the play, therefore character changes were shown through wearing different masks. The chorus would also have to explain the weather and the theatres were open air and plays were performed in daylight because there was no lighting equipment. Things could also be conveyed through a character called the messenger. He would describe off stage action in long and elaborated speeches. This is closely shown in the character of the spokesman, who describes the off stage battles. As Trojans is set in modern times, different lighting effects and scenery can be used. This mean that there is no need for a passive chorus, but to maintain the Greek feeling Adorian added in an active chorus through the youths. They give transitions between scenes when it is required. The themes in the two play are quite similar. They both revolve around the royal families. With Princess Cassius fronting the peace protest in Trojans, and King Oedipus having been prophesised to kill his father, and does. They are both tragedies. King Oedipus finds out what he has done and that he has fulfilled the prophecy. The tragedy in Trojans is that the Achaeans win in the end. The characters in the two plays are similar. The chorus in Greek plays, although not strictly characters, are very closely similar to the youths by applying transitions between the scenes. Also the Messenger in Greek plays is very similar to the Spokesman, who provides elaborate and vivid word pictures of what is going on in the city and what has happened in the various battles with the Achaeans. The royal families are not similar however due to the fact that the real tragedy at the end is not to do with them as it is in Oedipus, it is to do with the youths. Reflecting on this I will play my character as flippant, perhaps a little ignorant and nai ve. The attitude he takes to the Royal family is that of disrespect and he has a bit of a love hate relationship with them, as they are his family. I would play him as strong headed and wilful due to the fact that he is fronting an active campaign against the war.

European Union, Problem of anti-semistism in Hungary Research Paper

European Union, Problem of anti-semistism in Hungary - Research Paper Example Recent news reports agrees that Hungary displays a heightened level of public anti-Semitism not witnessed since 1940s. The heightened level of hatred came into effect after an anti-Semitism political party called Jobbik gained ground in Hungarian Parliament (Chanes 01). Leaders of this party are plainly anti-Semitic. In October 2013, one member of Hungarian parliament belonging to Jobbik party proposed enlistment and identification of Jewish politicians as potential threat to national security. As if the proposal for enlistment was not enough, Jobbik party leaders were quoted saying, â€Å"†¦anti-Semitism is not just our right, but it is the duty of every Hungarian homeland lover, and we must prepare for armed battle against the Jews.† (Hurd 01) In order to substantiate the level of prejudice towards Hungarian Jews, the European Union conducted a survey in Hungary. 90% of all Jews respondents during the survey asserted that political anti-Semitism is a â€Å"very big† issue in the country (Fejer 01). Anti-Semitism is not new in Hungary. During the Second World War, precisely in 1944, Germany occupied Hungary. Occupation of Nazis in collaboration with Hungarian police forces led to massacre and deportation of thousands of Jews from Budapest. Based on this historical glimpse, Israel voiced their concerns on the growing anti-Semitism in Hungary. America, Israel and the entire European Union fears that Jobbik Party is stirring an anti-Semitic pot, which might eventually boil over causing violence in Hungarian streets similar to that in 1944 (Keinon 01). Unlike the historic anti-Semitism conducted by Nazis, the one in Hungary today is based on issues of political power rather than social and economic aspects (Strauss 42). Therefore, the only way to end this problem is to enact national policies that monitors and controls the rise of anti-Semitism in Hungarian politics. In order to ensure

Film response Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film response - Movie Review Example The monster eventually disappears with a young girl who parents finally start following. The US government issues a warning regarding the dangerous virus from the monster that forces the Korean government to isolate its citizens and shut the area down to prevent the spread of the virus. The movie â€Å"The Host† presents a political, societal, economic, and environmental aspect. As compared to other Korean blockbusters, the film does not tend to draw overtly on nationalism or the notion of the Korean nation. The film provides evidence of a noticeable disconnection between the pro-self-rule philosophy that is suitable for the domestic film industry and its trade and industry interests. While featuring overtly nationalist sentiments and avoiding direct tackling of any specific national issues, the film provides multilayered entry points for viewers of different nationalities and social backgrounds, stretching from Korean multiplex audiences to international art-house audiences (Nikki 47). Eminent for its â€Å"messy† features, the film invites multiple readers. While drawing on specific historical memories of South Korean society, the film as well touches on contemporary global political happenings. Therefore, most readers and viewers perceive the film as a political satire of the American government’s latest military campaigns – War on Terror – and its relationship with South Korean government. Since the movie’s monster is unnamed and does not have overt symbolic connotations – the movie does not serve an allegorical, nationalist function – the meaning viewers take away from the film are polygonal, not one-dimensionally nationalistic. The movie conveys high-octane ecstasies while artfully exploiting modern political fears, with few inspired visual humor intensifying its overriding mood of popcorn-movie excitement. The movie may be born outside sociopolitical tensions such as the scares about avian flu, but it is also a

Reading Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading #3 - Assignment Example mation may be in the form of several ways, and people may not be aware such as kindness and offering comfort to a relative of the dying person (Hawkins, n.d ). Transformation is therefore by those who are very close to the dying person or their relatives, and it is necessary to give it out when desired. Transformation can occur to the person trying to provide care and compassion rather that the one suffering especially when one opens his/her heart to those that are in the greatest need for comfort. Humans have the mandate to provide the quality care that can transform the worst moments into tolerable ones or make a person accept a loss. In addition, suffering can be turned into peace through transformation. The case of the Pope John Paul II was a form of transformation as during his last moments his caregivers and health providers kept the rest of the world hoping that the Pope would recover. In fact, they gave him the best care and attended to every change in his health trying to keep him alive. They never reported that the Pope was dying yet his condition was very serious. When he finally did all tests to confirm death starting with the medieval and the modern medicine through an electrocardiogram were carried out. The Pope’s medical team could have informed the world that the Pope was dying instead of describing his conditions with such words as serious, grave, or

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Assignment

Assess the hierarchical structure of the court system in England and Wales. To what extent does the common law doctrine of bindi - Assignment Example England and Wales share common structures in the legal structure and the structure is commonly called the English legal system. Besides the hierarchical structure that defines the court system, the supplication of the various statutes distinguishes the system from other global structures of court systems. The English court system stands unique in the manner of application of the various doctrines of law and observes a characteristic doctrine of precedent. This paper therefore has the main objective of critically assessing the hierarchical structure that is observed within the England as well as Wales court systems. Besides, the paper intends to evaluate the extent to which the doctrine of common law in binding precedent takes effect or is observed within this structure of court system. The report will prioritize the analysis of the main courts in the hierarchy and assess the individual status and functioning concerning the common system with the analysis taking special attention on t he civil courts as against the English criminal courts. Discussion Dating back from the ancient times of Alfred the Great, the English system of law has had great revolutions to stand as it is today. Constant improvements and reformations have been observed which have in one way or another contributed to the making of the English legal system as it is today. ... The English civil system of courts comprises of various courts which include the ‘county courts’, the ‘magistrate courts’, the ‘high courts’ the ‘court of appeal’, ‘House of lords’ as well as the ‘high court† (The English Legal System – Overview, nd, para 1-3). The courts follow a hierarchical order where varying powers and provisions are created and enforced by the different levels of the courts. The lowest ranked court in the civil system is the county court, which has primary jurisdiction on debt collection as well as in civil action. The courts often present the most efficient system to deal with such cases, which are often many and it, is preferred for the benefit of cost effectiveness, which the public exchequer as well as the parties to litigation enjoys. The magistrate’s courts in England and Wales have special jurisdictions on family matters where custody orders in relation to children and or matrimonial grievances are addressed. Moreover, this level of court system is mandated to address the issues of adoption cases and have the potential of excluding a person from a family or household. The high court, through the family division is charged with the responsibility of addressing appeal cases from this court. Being both an original as well as an appellate court, the high court provides an opportunity where individuals would start judicial proceedings direct from here and where appeals are made on particular issues as specified. The high court has different divisions which are distinct in regard to roles assigned. There exists no jurisdiction to limit the working of the court and thus it serves the entire England as well as Wales. Besides addressing the civil cases alone, Queens

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

Summary - Article Example The Commission’s argument is that, Abercrombie practiced intentional discrimination for failing to accommodate Elauf’s religion practice. They also claim that Title VII favors all religious practices, and they should treat them fairly and not worse than others. Contrary Abercrombie argue that the claims against them must not be raised as a disparate-treatment claim but as a disparate-impact claim. Primarily, Abercrombie argues that the applicant cannot claim of disparate treatment without first revealing the employer’s actual knowledge of the applicant’s need for an accommodation (www.law.cornell.edu) The issues raised concerns violation of Title VII. The Commission claims that Abercrombie has increased conflicts among religious practices. According to Title VII, the law prohibits an employer from refusing to hire an individual because of religion affiliation, the difference in race or nationality (www.law.cornell.edu). Also, it is unlawful to segregate the applicants for employment. Therefore, such practice will limit their chances of getting employed, or it will affect their status as employees. The outcome of these issues is depicted when the court is urged to adopt the Tenth Circuit rule. Abercrombie claims that they have been allocated the burden of religious conflicts, and this led to the case being reversed. However, in the District Court, EEOC were victorious but the Tenth Circuit reversed the case. Therefore, the Tenth Circuit decided to award judgment to Abercrombie. The verdict stipulates that failure-to-accommodate liability add value only in cases where the employee provides knowledge of his or her need to be

Marketing and Research Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing and Research Problems - Essay Example The lack of experimental data and precise inputs represents a major research problem for the firm. The organization in theory could decipher the formula to create the new product. If this occurred a potential marketing problem the firm faces is that the new products might cannibalize other existing products the company offers its customers.† Product cannibalization occurs when a company decides to replace an existing product and introduce a new one in its place, regardless of its position in the market† (Komrinos, 2002). Another con is that the firm would have to spend a lot of money on research and development to introduce this product to market. The college faces a major problem associated with the inability of the organization to attract young talented college students. In the past the recruiting rate of the college was 90%, but now it has dipped to a troubling and alarming rate of only 25%. The fundamental source of the problem is the reputation and public image of the college. The academic regimen of the university became so stringent that students through word of mouth advertising hurt the reputation of the college. The public relations problem the college faces can be fixed, but the college has to be willing to be flexible in order to improve the reputation of the academic institution. The college has to make a decision on whether is willing to lower its academic requirements to attract more students into its campus. The college benefits the most when it has full tuition enrolment to fulfill the capacity of the campus. A research problem the college faces is to determine the appropriate primary research method to obtai n the information it needs. The use of questionnaires is a technique that can be very beneficial for this college. Chocoholic Candy Company faces the challenge of implementation of an expansion plan, while maintaining the same level of service it provided at the

Administrator Challenges Essay Example for Free

Administrator Challenges Essay In modern society there are many challenges to police work. They can be very overwhelming but many grant satisfaction. It takes a special individual to be a police officer and perform the duties that are required by law for them to do. This paper will look at the satisfactions and challenges of police work on a day to day basis. One challenge that police officers face daily is the stress that accompanies the job. Many officers face very stressful and intense situations that need to be handled carefully. A police officer may face a crowd that is rioting and looting and is greatly outnumbered. He or she faces the risk of being overrun and this can be detrimental to their emotions. They may be in fear of their life because crowds feed off of each other and can become very aggressive and violent. In some instances the officer will face gunfire and this puts the officer in a life or death situation. See more: Foot Binding In China essay If the officer has to kill the subject then the officer may face Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and this can affect their performance of their daily duties and their personal lives. According to (Gersons, 1989) shooting incidents are a rare phenomenon in low violence police work; however, when a shooting incident occurs, the psychological impact for the officers involved may take the form of severe PTSD (Stewart,2011). There are programs that help individuals to cope with PTSD and can get help from The National Institute for Mental Health. Another challenge that our police officers face on a daily basis is the relations they have with the citizens of the community. Many members of society see the police officers as the enemy or are out to get them. This cannot be further from the truth. The officers need to know how to  communicate with the people in stressful situations. Most people do not realize that officers are called to show up at a residence and it may be the worst day of that individual’s life. Police officers communicate with people from a wide variety of backgrounds, attitudes, and preconceptions (2008). One skill an officer uses at one call may not work at another call. The officer must adapt and control the situation and use his or her training to get the facts and information from the bystanders or the victim(s). With all the challenges and stressors that come with policing there are also satisfactions that come with the job. Officers serve and protect the public. They patrol the streets to ensure the community is safe from would be offenders or to apprehend the ones that have already committed crimes. They take individuals of the streets that are a danger to society. They help people that may have a flat tire, domestic disputes, or have had their home broken in to. The officers feel satisfied when they capture the suspect and when they help people in need. When the officers are recognized for their good work they are satisfied with their job and may become more motivated to improve their performance on the job. Many strive to climb the ranks and with each promotion come more satisfaction. A career in law enforcement in itself is a satisfaction that many people do not get. Many officers do not do the job for the pay but rather the rewards that come with the job in serving and helping the community. Certain officers find it very rewarding when they can help a juvenile down the right path and to possibly mentor others from making life changing mistakes. Officers need to stay positive in their work and duties to ensure job satisfaction because it can affect the work they perform and also affect community relations as to how they see the police. Thus, poor performance can impact police-community relations by adversely affecting public attitudes toward the police (Buzawa, Austin, Bannon, 1994). In the routine of having a positive work attitude and environment it creates less stress levels and fewer symptoms of stress that can lead to absenteeism, burnout, and alcoholism. There are many reasons why people do not want to become part of the law enforcement community but there are a lot of reasons and rewards why other people feel they are being called to serve and protect. Officers face many  challenges every day from life threatening to resolving domestic disputes. They forever have a family in blue and will always share each other’s pain and satisfactions. Reference Buzawa, S. E. (1984). Determining patrol officer job satisfaction: The role of selected demographic and job-specific attitudes. Criminology, 22, 61-81. Gutahun, S., Sims, B., Hummer, D. (2008). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Among Probation and Parole Officers: A Case Study. PoliceOne, (). Police Communication: Why Does it Matter?. (June 2008). Retrieved from http://www.natcom.org/CommCurrentsArticle.aspx?id=886 Stewart, S. (2011, March). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Effect on Law Enforcement. Camp Robinson Police Department,

Health Prevention of Heart Disease for Plano Texas Essay Example for Free

Health Prevention of Heart Disease for Plano Texas Essay Due to the increase risk for Heart disease in Plano, the population is Risk for developing Hypertension which in turn could result in decreased cardiac output, activity intolerance, imbalanced nutrition by taking more than body requirements, and a learning deficient in regarding condition, treatment plan to include, diet, exercise, follow up, Untreated Hypertension potentially puts them at risk for Congestive heart failure, angina, or myocardial infarction. These in turn can result in severe pain, decreased cardiac output, ineffective tissue perfusion, and again a learning deficient in regard to condition, treatment plan and self-care after discharge. Development of any of the above puts the patient at risk for potential anxiety and depression which may be a result of changes in role, particularly for the male bread winner, thus resulting in a threat or change in socioeconomic status, changes in environment and routines or threat or perceived threat to self-concept and Interpersonal conflicts. In assessing readiness to learn in Plano, Texas it is important to note over 53% of adults have a bachelor’s degree or higher (more than twice the national average) (Demographics). This population is in a better place to absorb knowledge. Typically, young and middle-aged adults participate more than older adults, and the average age in Plano is 37. 2 so this is a positive for learning as we move forward on our Health Promotion plan (Adults). The population more at risk for difficulty in learning is the homeless. The total number of homeless as of September 2012 is 291; this is a 55% increase since last year (Conrad, 2012). Although this is not a huge number comparatively it is significant in evaluating readiness to learn. Homeless people are at a great disadvantage for receiving access to education because it is not as easily readily available to them. There are a number of community resources for the homeless, and it is important we work with The Samaritan Inn, The Family Promise Network, My Friend’s House as well as the Collin County Homeless Coalition, and the Metro Dallas Homeless in presenting the education materials we stand a better chance of the material being received, absorbed and applied by the homeless population. It is also important to work with these programs to see if the education is being implemented within the facilities by evaluating meal selections, access or encouragement of exercise. This can serve as not only physical by emotional advantage to all at risk patients.

Ethical Dilemma Of Stem Cell Research Philosophy Essay

Ethical Dilemma Of Stem Cell Research Philosophy Essay Stem cell the new frontier of medical break through poses an important ethical dilemma for humanity do we support the destruction of embryos to further science or do we support the protection of embryos. We are faced with a critical decision to protect embryos from being a part of a science experiment or do we think that it is ethical to kill a few embryos in the name of science. I will discuss the pros and cons of stem cell research. I will discuss the positive outcomes associated with stem cell research from a medical aspect and the negative outcomes from a biological aspect. I will also argue for stem cell research and against stem cell research. The argument for stem cell research is medically motivated providing for potential cures to debilitating diseases. I consider stem cell the future of medicine by replicating cells and replenishing old cells we would then prolong human beings lives. The argument for science promoting the possibility of future cures and eradication of diseases is a compelling argument in itself. There are those that argue that embryonic stem cell research holds great promise for understanding and curing diabetes, Parkinsons disease, and spinal cord injury. Opponents argue that the research is unethical, because deriving the stem cells destroys the blastocyst, an unimplanted human embryo at the sixth to eight day of development. The moral question we are faced with is the unimplanted human embryo a human being or just a cell. They are those in the religious community that have moral belief that the embryo is a human being and by destroying the embryos in research is the equivalent of killing a child. Th e notion that by destroying an embryo during research is the equivalent to killing a child is a ridiculous conclusion.                We can compare the embryo to the skin cells that are alive on our bodies. When we shed these skin cells everyday during showers are we killing millions of potentially children by taking a shower. The belief that an embryo in such an early stage of development is considered a human being with out being implanted in the uterus does not pose a very strong argument in my opinion. The fact that this cell is never going to materialize into a human being and will never grow outside of an etri dish is enough evidence to allow stem cell research to continue.             The claim an embryo outside of the uterus is a human is up for serious debate between those for and against stem cell research. Our beliefs may be deeply rooted in religion and our religion determines how we view stem cell research. Some may compare destroying an embryo to killing a child because of their religious beliefs. We all have our beliefs, that belief may be for stem cell research to further science or to limit stem cell research due to our religious convictions. We must put aside our religious convictions in order to further science research into finding cures for debilitating diseases. In order to further any science research we must sacrifice someone or something to reach our goal. We could have not found cures to diseases or create vaccines without having subjects to test these theories on.             The fact that an embryo is used in these research procedures has made such a political and moral controversy a hot topic is no surprise. We have debated this issue because it is claimed that the embryo is morally equivalent to a person, a fully developed human being. Those that hold the view that the embryo is a human compare extracting the blastocyst is as morally abhorrent as harvesting organs from a baby to save other peoples lives. There are some that believe a human embryo is a human being just like you and me, and it deserves the same respect that our laws give to all of us. There are those that believe that an embryo is a human being and embryonic stem cell is immoral because it amounts to killing a person to treat other peoples diseases. Some base their belief on religious convictions that the soul enters the body at the moment of conception.             While others defend there belief without religion by reasoning that human beings are not things. That their lives must not be sacrificed against their will even for the sake of good ends like saving other peoples lives. I agree that we are not things to be used for research and not considered to be humans, but in the same sense a cell is not a human until it grows in to a viable human being. The real question here is do we consider a cell to be a viable at such an early stage in development our religious beliefs may teach us a cell gets a soul upon conception. The idea that at the moment of conception the soul enters the body does not make the cell a viable human being and therefore this cell should not be considered to be a human being. The Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Research             The pros of stem cell research are unlimited potential for possible cures to diseases such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, diabetes, stroke, bone diseases, and screening drugs for pharmaceutical companies, instead of using animals to test drugs. The use of the stem cells to reproduce organ tissue and replenish cells has shown great promise for eliminating diseases for mankind. The possibilities of stem cell therapy are endless from cloning to reproducing spinal cord tissue. The use of stem cells to replicate human tissue and organs will help to prolong lives of human beings and possible slow down the aging process by replacing our cells.             The cons of stem cell research are the use of stem cells and the ethical issues associated with using embryos to harvest cells for research. Another disadvantage of stem cell research is the idea that we as humans are on the verge of playing God by creating life. There are also issues with the stem cells having mutating and causing more harm than good. The research has shown possibility of the cells being cancerous in some cases and not growing into the desired organs. The destruction of life is most distinct disadvantage associated with stem cell research. Positive and Negative Outcomes of Stem Cell Research             The positive outcomes of stem cell research are endless possibilities of curing a wide range of diseases processes and prolonging human life. The use of stem cells has been proven to replenish muscle and organ tissue in humans. Research has shown that the use of stem cells to treat Parkinsons and Alzheimers disease has significantly increased the functionality of the affected patient. Other patients have had success in replacing heart tissue from heart attacks and cancer patients now live symptom free from cancer.             The negative aspect of stem cell research has been linked to how the cells are obtained and the morals issues surrounding them. Another negative outcome of the research is the cells often grow out of control into tumors and immune system sometimes rejects the cells. The use of the embryo to harvest the stem cells poses the most negative outcome of all with the belief that the embryos are human being and harvesting the cells destroys the cell therefore killing a human being. Conclusion             Stem cell the new frontier of medical break through poses an important ethical dilemma for humanity do we support the destruction of embryos to further science or do we support the protection of embryos. The protection of the embryo from being destroyed for the advancement of science will ultimately put humanity at a loss by protecting a cell from destruction. The destruction of that same cell has the possibility of curing diseases and prolonging humanity for generations. We are ultimately stuck with the decision do we take a life in order to prolong future generations lifes by promoting science over humanity in order to further mankind. References A Kuflik (2008). The future like ours argument and human embryonic stem cell research.  Journal of Medical Ethics,  34(6),  417.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library  database. (Document ID:  1490151201). Bernard Lo,   Arnold Kriegstein,   Deborah Grady.  (2008). Clinical trials in stem cell transplantation: guidelines for scientific and ethical review.  Clinical Trials,  5(5),  517-22.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library  database. (Document ID:  1563539701). Britain: Playing God; Religion and politics.  (2008,  March). The Economist,  386(8573),  40.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global  database. (Document ID:  1454200351). Guido de Wert,   Christine Mummery.  (2003). Human embryonic stem cells: research, ethics and policy.  Human Reproduction,  18(4),  672-82.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library  database. (Document ID:  345544781). Ida M Jones (2007). PROPERTY LAW, PERSONHOOD AND ETHICS: STEM CELL RESEARCH ITS IMPACT ON PROPERTY LAW.  Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues,  10(1),  19-30.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global  database. (Document ID:  1301953641). Insoo Hyun (2008). Stem Cells from Skin Cells: The Ethical Questions.  The Hastings Center Report,  38(1),  20-2.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library  database. (Document ID:  1431314801). R DiSilvestro (2008). A qualified endorsement of embryonic stem cell research, based on two widely shared beliefs about the brain-diseased patients such research might benefit.  Journal of Medical Ethics,  34(7),  563.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library  database. (Document ID:  1504043861). Robert Streiffer (2005). At the Edge of Humanity: Human Stem Cells, Chimeras, and Moral Status.  Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal,  15(4),  347-70.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global  database. (Document ID:  950255831). S Camporesi (2008). Reproductive cloning in humans and therapeutic cloning in primates: is the ethical debate catching up with the recent scientific advances?  Journal of Medical Ethics,  34(9),  15.   Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library  database. (Document ID:  1551813891). (www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/cloning.html) Ethics of Human Cloning and Stem Research. Retrieved November 14, 2008. Ethical concerns of using stem cells for medical treatments In the modern world there have been many diseases, illnesses and epidemics that have been avoided due to the development of technology. One of the most recent successful developments have involved the research into stem cells. Stem cells are cells which can specialize into many different types of cells, they are known as totipotent cells. Scientists have found that it is possible to harvest organs, such as, livers, hearts, and lungs. Or remake dead cells which have been deceased from various illnesses, such as dead brain cells, that could be re-grown and cure diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons. Some people may see this is a good thing as it could help many unfortunate people who have genuine diseases. But many people have raised ethical concerns about the research procedure involved. The procedure involves an embryos nucleus being taken out and replaced by the nucleus of the cells which need to be reproduced. This process is known as nuclear transfer. A very famous experiment conducted via nuclear transfer was the birth of Dolly the sheep; a mammary cell nucleus was taken and added to the embryo, which was then added to the uterus of a ewe and then in February 1997, Dollys mother gave birth. The cloning was successful but some people say she died at an early age because she was cloned, whilst others argue that she died because she was affected by the retrovirus JSRV. This is very common in sheep and causes many of them to die. Some people argue that using embryos is very unethical, as it involves tampering with Gods creations. Many people believe that embryos are human beings that also have rights and do not deserve to be killed or employed for medical reasons. Some people also argue that people may go too far with cloning, which may result in evil doings. Dr. Piete who is a member of the European Parliament stated, The cloning of embryos would be like a bursting damà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Once human embryos are cloned and used for the breeding of organs, there would immediately be attempts to go further. It is understandable why some people are afraid that along with a lot of help there may be risks of corruption. People may use the advances in stem cells to clone armies. Religions play a huge part in stem cell research. Most of them believe that killing or using an embryo is wrong because it means that a life is being taken. During a coalition of 11 religious leaders, it was concluded that, There is widespread agreement that the huge philosophical and ethical implications of these development have not been considered fully. The law protects an embryo/zygote after it has lived for 24 weeks. This law was introduced in 1990 and was known as the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990. This is known as the final abortion date; you can not have an abortion after the 24th week. This is roughly half the life of the baby in the womb of the mother. Although people argue that there are bad sides to stem cells research, there are many people who believe that the benefits outweigh the detri ments. One must hold consideration for all the sufferers of; diabetes, Alzheimers, heart disease, Parkinsons, brain disease, as they are waiting for a cure and right now the only cure seems to be research into stem cells which can help many sufferers fight the disease and beat it. At the moment diabetes is a huge problem in England. Diabetes is associated with obesity, which is a current problem that could soon lead to a global epidemic. Obese people can now have the chance to fight diabetes with advances in stem cells research. A representative of the Parkinsons Research Interest Group states Those who oppose this development need to show good reason why people with chronic illnesses should be denied advances in medical treatments that would substantially improve their quality of life. This agrees with the idea that people who suffer from fatal diseases have the chance to live a healthy and normal life. As for the people who believe that embryos have the right to live and that we should no t use them for research into preventing diseases, I believe this is a matter of preferences. How can people put the feelings of a few embryos higher than the treatment of people with diseased lives? This is totally inhumane and is a crime against humanity. The embryos dont feel a thing when they are being used for research but a human feels a lot of physical and emotional pain when it is going through these fatal illnesses. I personally think that millions of humans have a higher priority than that of a few cells. Lord Hunt who is the junior Health Minister states, The embryo has a special status, and we owe a measure of respect to the embryo. But we also owe a measure of respect to the millions of people living with these devastating illnesses and the millions who have yet to show signs of them. This explains my views exactly and Professor Julia Polak who is the Director of the Tissue Engineering Centre in Hammersmith hospital London also says I may feel sorry about two or three ce lls but I also care about the millions of cells that are a human person. We should consider this matter logically and ethically. Fair enoughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the embryos deserve respect but one has to question whether their rights overcome the rights of the millions of sufferers out there in the world. Therefore, in conclusion, I believe that stem cell research should be carried out, but the security precautions that are to be implemented, should be handled appropriately and also the governments of the world should not allow the research to fall in the wrong hands. Stem Cell Research: Beneficial or Detrimental? The use of stem cell research has helped to make many progressions in the medical field and has helped save many peoples lives by treating and curing many diseases and other illnesses.    If scientists continue to research the uses of stem cells, it could prove to improve life for all human beings.    However,    the end result of researching stem cells could be beneficial or detrimental to our society.    While research on cord and adult stem cells could show to improve life for those who are in medical need, embryonic stem cell research requires a life to be taken so therefore should not be supported.    What are stem cells?    Stem cells can also be distinguished as differentiated cells.    They are primal cells found in all multi-cellular organisms.    They maintain the capability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division, and they have the ability to grow into almost any type of cell.#    That is why they are so useful.    Dead cells of almost any kind,    regardless of what type of injury or disease, can be replaced with new healthy cells thanks to the remarkable flexibility of stem cells.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   So if the use of stem cells is such a breakthrough in the medical field, why should anyone be against it?    The answer lies in where they come from.    There are three main sources for acquiring stem cells:    cord cells, embryonic cells, and adult cells. Cord cells are cells that can be taken from the umbilical cord at birth and can be stored and later on used as a type of insurance policy for the newborn for use in the future.    Cord cells can also be used by close relatives such as the mother, father, siblings, or other people of close relationship.    However, the more distant the relationship, the more likely it is that the cells will be rejected by the persons immune system and it will not work. Next, there are the adult stem cells.    Research on adult stem cells has been around the longest and has proven to be the most useful and successful of the different types of stem cells.    Adult stem cells are attained from living bone marrow, blood, body fat, brain tissue, and skin.    In order to be distinguished as an adult stem cell, the cell has to have these two properties: 1) The ability to divide and create another cell similar to itself 2) The ability to divide and create a cell even more distinguished than itself. Although these stem cells are called adult stem cells, they can also be found in children. The use of adult stem cells has helped to save many peoples lives in the past and is still being proven to have therapeutic effects in cancer treatments, autoimmune diseases, leukemia, and heart disease today.    Every year more and more of United States government funding is being provided for cord and adult stem cell research due to its many successes. The last type of stem cells are the embryonic stem cells.    Embryonic stem cells are derived from human embryos.    In order to harvest embryonic stem cells, an embryo must be destroyed.    The reason why scientists are so interested in embryonic stem cells is because these cells can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type.    However, after twenty years of research, there are still no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells. This means that they have the combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, so because of this, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. What the Bible Says The Bible speaks concerning matters of stem cell research.    In the Bible, there were many healers and physicians, and even Jesus healed some of the sick, wounded and diseased.      And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with diverse diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatic, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. Matthew 4 : 23-24 Therefore, many would see no reason to believe that research on cord or adult stem cells is wrong and would believe it is a legitimate field of study, well within the will of God.    Many also believe that it is Gods will for us as children of God to try and help those in need, just as Jesus Christ did when he came to earth; so it would only be right for us to continue studying and researching the many uses and benefits that can be discovered using cord and adult stem cells.    However, while the use of cord cells and adult stem cells do not require the destruction of a human life in order to be obtained, embryonic stem cells do.    The biblical teaching is that human existence begins at conception. You formed my inward parts; You covered me in my mothers womb.    I will praise You for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; marvelous are Your works, and that my soul knows very well.    My frame was not hidden from You, When I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought in the lowest parts of the earth.    Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed.    And in Your book they are all written, the days fashioned for me, When as yet there were none of them. Psalm 139 : 13-16 The word of the Lord came to me thus:    Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, Before you were born I dedicated you, A prophet to the nations I appointed you. Jeremiah 1: 4-5 Since nothing has been accomplished with the use of embryonic stem cells, its potential still remains untested.    Even after twenty years of research, there are no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells.    However,    embryonic stem cells hold the most potential out of the three types of stem cells because you can get up to 150 cells from just one embryonic stem cell line; where you can get only a small number of the adult or cord cells.    Their tendency to produce tumors and malignant carcinomas, cause transplant rejection, and form the wrong kinds of cells are just a few of    the problems that embryonic stem cell researchers still face and are trying to overcome.    Many nations currently have a suspension or a ban on either embryonic stem cell research or the production of new embryonic stem cell lines.    Another reason why embryonic stem cell research is wrong is because in order to start a new embryonic stem cell line, therapeutic cloni ng may be required.             The Government and Stem Cell Research The fact that this type of research is wrong has not gone unnoticed by the United States government.    Steps have been taken to help stop embryonic stem cell research (although adult stem cell and cord cell research is widely supported).    In 1995, President Bill Clinton signed into law the Dickey Amendment which prohibited all federal funding for research that resulted in the destruction of an embryo regardless of the source of that embryo.    In the past 7 years, President George W. Bush has enacted numerous laws that restrict federally-funded stem cell research on embryonic stem cells to the already derived cell lines.    Then, on July 19, 2006, he vetoed H.R. 810 (Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act), a bill that would have reversed the Clinton-era law which made it illegal for federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of a human embryo.#    Although the government prohibits federal and public funding of embryonic stem cell research, private funding is still legal.    On February 16, 2007, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine became the biggest financial backer of embryonic stem cell research in the U.S. when they awarded nearly $45 million in research grants. Currently, if the United States decides to vote a Democrat into office, they will most likely be a supporter of stem cell research embryonic stem cell research included.    However, if a Republican gets voted into office, such as McCain or Huckabee, they would be against embryonic stem cell research but would still support the research of the possibilities of adult stem cells and cord cells. The Future of Stem Cell Research Researchers and physicians are working to design stem cell therapies that are more effective and reduce the invasiveness and the risk to patients.    Todays stem cell therapies usually rely on cells that are denoted by another person; this raises the possibility of donor cell rejection by the patients immune system.    In the future, it may be possible for a person to use a sample of his or her own stem cells to regenerate tissue, which would reduce or even eliminate the danger of rejection.    The only problem with this is that in order to use a sample of ones own stem cells, the process of cloning would have to be endorsed.    There are a couple of verses in the Bible that speak against this.    Know that the LORD Himself is God; It is He who has made us, and not we ourselves. Psalm 100:3 Thus says the LORD who made you and formed you from the womb, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I have formed you, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, and the one who formed you from the womb, I, the LORD, am the maker of all things, stretching out the heavens by Myself and spreading out the earth all alone. Isaiah 44:2, 21, 24 As you can see from these verses, the Bible states two main things that relates to cloning: 1) Life begins early in the womb. 2) God forms life.    Because we are Gods creation and because we are created in His image (according to Genesis 1:26), life is precious.    Much of the desire in the scientific community is to create clones for spare parts, to use their stem cells, organs, and so on.    Although it sounds like cloning these things would be more beneficial than not, cloning even the smallest of parts would be devaluing natural human life.    On the surface, the possibilities of stem cell therapies seem limitless.    Would it be possible to use stem cell technologies to replace any diseased or damaged tissue in the body?    To answer this question, researchers must figure out the true potential and limitations of stem cells.    Researchers are asking themselves many questions, such as how long will a stem cell therapy last and can we ensure that stem cell therapies will not form tumors in the body.    There are so many things we can do with stem cells that the opportunities to improve human life seem infinite. Stem cells have helped us in ways such as reversing cancer, developing cures for diabetes, replacing damaged organs and nerves, and much more.    Stem cells today are being used to treat diseases such as leukemia.    Stem cell transplant procedures also show promise for treating neurological disorders such as Parkinsons disease. In 2001, nearly 80,000 people needed organ transplants, fewer than 24,000 got them, and 6,000 died waiting. Of those receiving organs, 40 percent die within the first three years after surgery.#    If we continue to fund stem cell research, being able to obtain an organ to save ones life would be much easier.    For example, say a person is in need of a pancreas; just place your order, and three weeks later a new one lies ready and waiting in the surgical suite.    Heart failure? No worries a few injections with multipotent stem cells will grow new cardiac tissue.    It is statistics like these that draw us into the idea of stem cell research. In conclusion, one must really look at the facts to truly understand the true potential stem cell research holds for us for the future.    One must use his own judgement to decide for himself whether he supports stem cell research or whether he believes it is immoral or unethical based on his own opinions and beliefs.   

Smoking Essay -- Tobacco Cigarettes Essays

Smoking In the year 1973, 11 years prior to my birth, my grandfather made one of the most important decisions in his life. In the cold wind of March, my grandfather stood outside of Coon Rapids Bayard High School and smoked his last cigarette. That fall my mom and her sister Eileen had made a deal with my Grandpa that if their team made it to the Iowa Girl’s State Basketball Tournament he would give up his addiction to nicotine. This addiction to nicotine had haunted him since his days as an American soldier in World War II. My mom’s team, Elk Horn-Kimbalton, was up by 19 points at halftime, and it was quite evident they would reach the destination they had worked so hard for. Next to the â€Å"victory bell† my Grandpa decided to make this one special night for his immediate family as his daughters would see two of their dreams come true right before there eyes: Their dad to quit smoking and for their basketball team to play at the state tournament in Des Moines. My grandfather has been one of the most influential people in my life. Both my Grandma and him raised me for the majority of my childhood. He taught me the foundations of hard work, discipline, and dedication. The support he has given us grandchildren has been outstanding. Together they have never missed the biggest sporting events or tribulations that us grandkids have encountered in our short lives. He is in great health, but could he be in even better health if he had continued his addiction to nicotine? According to Peter Brimelow, in his article â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† he believes that you can receive many benefits from smoking, including the avoidance of many diseases that haunt our nation today. Could my Grandpa have continued to receive benefits... ... without end. Smoking now and never will be valuable to an individual’s health. The bottom line is that the drug nicotine can be very harmful to one’s health. This has been a wide range fact for quite some time. The health risks of smoking are displayed through advertisement’s daily. Despite scientific value related to smoking, the risks and dangers are too strong to make a valid argument in favor of smoking. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter. â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† The Genre of Argument. Ed. Irene L.Clark. Boston: Thomson-Heinle, 1998. 141-142. American Lung Association. 2003. Fact Sheet: Smoking. 17 Mar. 2004 . Carroll, Bill. Smokers Health and Stop Smoking Information Center. Just How Dangerous is Smoking? 2000. 17 Mar. 2004 .

John Steinbeck :: essays research papers fc

In the nineteen-thirties John Steinbeck rose to a literary prominence. This was a period of time when economical and political crisis had tended to obscure the direction and the value of his work. Steinbeck from the very beginning of his career regarded all causes and all solutions, with both detachment and skepticism. Steinbeck's reviewers were troubled with this detachment, because most other intellectuals had shifted from political alienation to political commitment (Unger 50). Steinbeck was fascinated with the human drama, people that were on the lowest part of the economical chain seemed to interest him. However Steinbeck refused to take part in anything, he did want anything to do with Politics, Steinbeck avoided publicity and his refusal to play a literary role. He made him self as unpopular writer so he never got any serious attention (Unger 52). By this time his work was becoming enormously popular, but as a result of him not taking part in anything his work was often misunderstood. Most literary commentators sharply criticized Steinbeck for dialectical inconsistencies. The readers really failed to understand that he had no fixed dialect. His views were based upon mythic and biological archetypes. Steinbeck always looked for material that might serve as a metaphor for universal rather than particular truth. Steinbeck set his self apart from the Naturalist from the turn of the century and Marxist-orientated writers of the 1930's, because he said that moral choice is a man's proper environment. A moral universe is want set him apart from the rest of nature (Gale 3372). The major books of John Steinbeck are easy reading, but to really understand them you have to have the willingness and ability to work through the most obvious level. Steinbeck uses statements of human truth which goes far beyond the actions themselves, this method is symbolic. This method means that the story can be extremely limited but it triggers chain reactions pointing to universal truth (Gale 3381). Steinbeck uses a wide variety of symbolic and linguistic instruments so he could get the full reality that he wants to communicate with.

Prelab for Calibration of Volumetric Glassware Essay

1). Weigh a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Make sure the glassware is clean and free of any cracks or stars. Also, take note of the temperature of water, as volume varies with temperature 2). Transfer a portion of the water to flask with a pipette and record the mass of flask with the water. Use this data to calculate how much water was transferred from the pipette to the flask. 3). Repeat step two 4 times, ensuring the remaining results are similar to the first trial. Use this data to calculate the mean amount of water transferred and the standard deviation between the data points. Calibration of a 50 mL Buret: 1). Fill the buret with 50 mL of the temperature-equilibrated water. Be as precise as possible in order to obtain reliable data. If the volume changes over a period of a few minutes, obtain a new buret. Be sure to obtain the temperature of the water as well. 2). Weigh a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask with its stopper. Again, make sure the flask is sanitary and has no cracks or stars. 3). At a rate of 20 mL/min, open the buret stopper and allow 10.00 mL of water to submerge into the flask. Remember to seal off the flask as soon as the water stops in order to minimize evaporation. 4). Using the technique of reading meniscus’s, record the volume reading for the buret to the hundreds place. The last significant digit may be an approximation. 5). Weigh of the stopped Erlenmeyer flask with the water on a scale. Determine the quantity of water transferred from the buret by finding the mass difference from the flask with no water vs. the new weight. 6). Repeat the steps from three to five four more times for the remaining volume of the buret and repeat the whole procedure again with a new 50 mL volume. Remember to record all data. Also, make sure to repeat data that is not duplicated correctly to ensure accurate and precise results. 7). Use the correction data from table one in order to find the true volume of water transferred based on the temperature. Create tables of the recorded data as well as a plot of the correction data with the apparent volume with labeled axis. Perform Calculations 8). Dispose of all glassware and materials accordingly and clean up the lab area. Hazards: No harmful chemicals will be dealt with in this lab. The only safety hazard is to be cautious of broken or chipped glassware that may cut one’s skin. Make sure to report any mutilated glassware to TA and accidents in the lab must be handled properly.

Aaron Beam and the HealthSouth Fraud

In terms of Kohlberg’s views on moral development, Aaron Beam would be at Level Two Conventional Stage Three. Interpersonal Concordance Orientation. Aaron Beam knew that his actions were indeed wrong and he could no longer carry on, therefore, he retired and paid a price for his wrong actions. He now lives off of what he works for. In terms of Kohlberg’s views on moral development, Richard Scrushy would be at the Level One: Pre-conventional Stage One: Punishment and Obedience Orientation.Scrushy in his own selfish reasons and believed that he did no wrong in doing what he did within his company. Scrushy also paid his dues and went to prison. Aaron Beam was morally responsible for engaging in â€Å"aggressive accounting† methods he used because from the very beginning when Scrushy told Beam to fake their financial reports, Beam knew that it was wrong, yet he continued to do it. Beam later on went against his morals and continued to commit fraud until he finally re tired.Aaron Beam’s responsibility was not mitigated in anyway. Even though Beam was â€Å"convinced† by Scrushy and his own thoughts, he was still responsible for his own actions of â€Å"aggressive accounting†. Aaron Beam was not morally responsible for changing the clinic reports to increase the company’s earnings. His responsibility was mitigated due to the fact that he as well as others was included in reporting false records.The people whom were cooperated in his actions are morally responsible for their actions. Their responsibilities were also mitigated because they all knew that they were committing fraudulent and continued to do so even after Beam has retired. Richard Scrushy was morally responsible for accounting fraud because even though he did not work under the financial department, he knew what the consequences in the frauds would be. He convinced Beam to so anyways.

Trade Deficit

Trade Deficit and Current Account Deficit [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Trade Deficit and Current Account Deficit Critically examine this statement, â€Å"Current Account Deficits do not seem to matter anymore – the US$ appears to remain unaffected by escalating US trade deficits†, by reference to the â€Å"Balance of Payments Approach† to exchange rate determination The trade deficit of the US is at exorbitantly high levels. Many economists suggest that depreciating the US dollar would help put a squeeze on United States enthusiasm for globally produced goods.Since this move of depreciation would inherently curb the exaggerated import costs that the US so loves to incur. Furthermore, these three critical factors essentially would help limit the import prices incurred by US due to the trend of rising demands that has permeated in the societal culture: * The practice of using USD for US trade invoicing; * Exporters concerns on market share dynamic s, and; * The outrageous US distribution costs. $759 billion is the aggregated US trade deficit in 2006. This is six percent of the actual nominal GDP of the country.One of the biggest contributory factors is the impasse of plethora of imported goods from foreign lands. In the perspective of numerous investigators and policymakers, dollar depreciation remains a crux system for tending to this export-import imbalance and restoring the worldwide competitiveness of American producers. Indeed in principle, a weaker dollar might as well raise the expense of different merchandise for U. S. consumers, in this manner diminishing U. S. mandate for imports in the meantime that it helps gather interest by foreign nations for U. S. products by making the country's exports increasingly cost-focused abroad.My investigation uncovers that dollar depreciation is unrealistic to shut the exchange crevice courageously. To make sure, remote request for U. S. exports may as well develop, as speculation p redicts. Since basically all U. S. exports to different nations are invoiced in dollars, remote buyers will determine an instantaneous profit from dollar depreciation as the expense of their buys decreases in varying foreign currencies. Notwithstanding, the value of outside imports for U. S. consumers will be impressively increasingly versatile to conversion standard updates.Exchange invoicing practices, it is contended, donate altogether to the lack of care of import costs to trade rates. Since very nearly the sum of the products that the United States imports, for instance those it exports, are invoiced in dollars, the costs of foreign made merchandise remain settled for a period when trade rates change. Also, even in the longer term—over, state, the year emulating dollar depreciation—the craving of outside makers to remain focused in the huge U. S. business sector might lead them to oppose expanding the dollar value of their products.Beyond any doubt, the atypically towering showcasing and appropriation takes added to imports once they drop in the United States—fetches designated in dollars—further isolate the last utilization value of foreign made merchandise from conversion scale updates. The American President stated that: â€Å"The best way to, deal with the trade deficit is to make sure that America is the best place in the world to do business†¦ † Examine this view that promoting growth is more effective than direct targeting of the trade deficit USA is a diverse country with numerous of its regions continuously producing high growth, innovative companies.These companies have risen above the economic downturn that hit the global economy in the start of the 21st century. Rather with surprise, the diverse US states boast such companies not only distributed in the locales of Silicon Valley and Boston but rather in most of its states. End of 2012; saw a sharp decline in the trade deficit of the US. In this period, o il imports drastically reduced whereas exports increase sharply. This essentially iterates that the shrinking trade gap, has improved on the government’s estimated growth and trade deficit levels.Furthermore, the levels reached in the closing months of 2012 indicate towards levels that have not been observed in the last three years. This is a positive inducement. Exportation of US products saw rise in oil exports and other petroleum based-product exports. Further, aircraft sales and agricultural good sales also demonstrated positive increment. Various economists believe that this is a very encouraging sign. Though, economists have stated that the essential focus of the US treasury should be to enhance growth in the country, and secondary considerations should be given to the trade deficit.This assertion is based on the belief that reinvigorating the business systems of the country would deplete the rising gap between the socio economic classes of the country. Furthermore, ind ividual families would be given financial stability and long term sustainability. It also has to state that the narrowed gap between imports and exports, i. e. the trade deficit, essentially iterate that US corporations earn extra then their foreign counterparts. Furthermore, domestic consumption of foreign goods is also less in comparison.It is expected that the companies are not piling up their inventories; this indirectly suggests that curbing expenses including cuts in defence spending would help in keeping a positively skewed growth rate in the future months. These events would see an additional negative pressure on the trade deficit that has started to show signs of decrease. As such economists are of the view that trade will be favourably impacted in 2013. These forecasts are dependent on premises that iterate that the EU debt crisis will finally show some features of stabilizing.This would further give a positive boost to the US exports. Moreover, economic growth witnessed i n Asia would also positively impact the growth potential of the US. One of the biggest negatives for US is the rising trade deficit between China and the US. This trade deficit climbed to a spectacular 300 billion mark in 2012. This would be the biggest pressure point on the growth prospects of the US economy. Economists have confronted this issue by attacking the economic policies of China, specifically the country’s practices to artificially peg their currency at far lower levels, than is required.This assertion is made with the logic that such an economic move by China would essentially lower the costs of its exports in the US. UK trade statistics show similar trends to the US situation. Review the suggestion of b) above for the UK situation UK trade statistics show similar trends of that of US i. e. ever-increasing trade deficits and curbing growth prospects. Given these circumstances and the global economic turmoil that hit the global economies in the early years of the millennia, it is disappointing to even follow the growth prospects of the World, let alone the UK.Britain’s trade deficit also demonstrates a serious picture of disappointment. Economic chiefs of the country suggest that the super competitive currency i. e. the British Pound Sterling can be the glimmer of hope in this dismal economic prospect. This is because the currency is almost a quarter below the pre financial crisis levels. In 2008, December reports indicated that the nation’s deficit consumed after trade sharply rose to 14 billion pounds. One of the biggest factors of this deficit jump is attributed to magnified increase in aircraft import costs.Given these factors, it juxtaposes a truly saddening prospect for the country. Economists who eagerly made plans to rebalance the economic prospects of the economy, by cashing on the decline in pounds value to feed increases through export based growth. BoE has thus decided to restrict any particular changes to the inter est rates. This was due to suggestions that raising the rates would cause pound to appreciate, thus thwarting the trade prospects, negatively. Nonetheless, declining GBP has not appeased the concerns of above targeted and persistent economic inflation, as well as higher than necessary import prices.Current UK growth prospects and outlook suggests that the region would see improvements, although the road to recovery would be filled with bumps and slowness. Outlook prospects also indicate that consumer spending would be positively impacted. Furthermore, squeezes on real incomes would also subside, slowly. These are thoughts that do not cross the normal household. As such they remain scared, and cautious towards excessive spending. This is keeping a tap on growth. UK economy does not have the support of infrastructure of commerce that is established in the US.As such the economy is overfilled, without vacuum, and without much chances of astronomical growth. Additionally, close associat ions with a debt ridden EU has also kept pressures on growth. Though, it is accepted that growth in the nation is the biggest policy to be looked for, economic wise. Moreover, trade deficit should be given a secondary consideration. References Smith, David (2011) Trade Deficit Sunday Times The Balance of Payments and Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy Book Chapter

British Petroleum (BP): SWOT and BP Porter Five Forces Analysis †Essay

SWOT and Porter Five Forces Analysis of British Petroleum (BP)our site Sample Essay – Need Help Writing an Essay Contact us Today. Student Submitted Essays!our site Sample Essay – AbstractBP Porter Five Forces – BP Plc is one of the leading oil and gas companies in the world operating in more than 80 countries and serving close to 13 million customers. The company was ranked third in the FTSE 100 all share index ranking as at the close of 31st August, 2014 with a market capitalization of 82,093.2, million US Dollars. BP’s major strengths include strong brand recognition, massive financial capability, excellent corporate strategy, and the ability to innovate. Global reduction in the production of crude oil and natural gas, poor disaster management and inability to implement long-term regulatory mechanisms are the company’s key weaknesses. The company has the opportunity to invest in alternative energy even though it faces significant competition from key rivals such as Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil and Chevron. BP Porters Five Forces Analysis of BP reveal low threat of new entrants and substitutes, medium bargaining power of both buyers and suppliers, and high rivalry among existing competitors. To remain competitive, the company should increase strategic investment in R&D, negotiate with governments and other firms to exploit emerging markets, rebuild its brand value and streamline its production and business operation.our site Sample Essay – IntroductionFounded in 1908, British Petroleum (BP) is one of the leading oil and gas companies in the world. The company operations in more than 80 countries, has over 83,900 employees and serves over 13 million customers globally (BP Plc, 2014). The company provides customers with oil and gas products, fuel for transportation, petrochemical products and energy for light and heat. With a market capitalization of 82,093.2, million US Dollars, BP was ranked third in the FTSE 100 al l share index ranking as at the close of 31st August, 2014 (Stock Challenge, 2012). BP’s interests and activities can be categorised into two core business segments: Refining and Marketing and Exploration and Production. The Exploration and Production segments cover upstream and midstream activities which include exploration, production, pipelining, and processing. Refining and Marketing segments cover downstream activities such as crude oil transportation, manufacturing, marketing and supply of both petrochemical and petroleum products and services (BP Plc. 2014).our site Sample Essay – BP SWOT AnalysisBP’s key strengths are its strong brand recognition and massive financial capability. Being the third largest energy company in the world, it is globally acknowledged for high quality petroleum products. Additionally, with an expected total operating cash flow of 2014 at $30 billion, the company’s strong financial position gives it the opportunity to introduce new products, develop alternative energy, and expand to new markets (Reuters, 20 14). Regarded as one of the best in the world, the company’s corporate strategy is also a notable strength. This, coupled with its strong brand loyalty, enabled it to emerge from the devastating deepwater horizon oil spill of 2010 (Reuters, 2014). The company’s ability to innovate and enter into strategic ventures with other governments and corporations in new markets is another key strength. In 2013, BP entered into a strategic alliance with both China and the US to provide alternative solar energy to a number of government agencies. A global reduction in the production of crude oil and natural gas is a key weakness of the company. Poor public image as a result of the North Alaska and deep-water oil spills also led to serious challenges for the company. Not only did it face criminal charges, it spent an estimated $42.2 billion in cleanup and compensation (Reuters, 2014). Another key weakness is its non-competitiveness in the alternative energy sector. Despite being a major player in the oil industry, majority of consumers are still unaware of the company’s involvement in alternative energy (Bamberg, 2000). The inability to implement long-term regulatory mechanism to cushion it from the highly volatile petroleum prices is also a key weakness of the company. BP’s profits and its current strong financial position present an opportunity for the company to initiate new projects. The company’s biggest opportunity is investing in alternative energy. The BP Solar Home Solutions initially introduced in New York can be expanded into other regions especially within the American and European markets. This will guarantee the company more customers who prefer the less costly solar energy. The company also has an opportunity to expand its export markets to Asia and South America. Discoveries of more oil wells and increasing prices of oil and gas are additional opportunities that the company can take advantage of (Smith, 2011). Major players in the oil and gas industry especially the Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil, and Chevron pose the greatest threat to BP. The implementation of environmentally unsound policy and poor management of natural disasters such as the toxic spills often disrupt the company’s operation (Bruland, 2003). Other threats include, corrosion in BP’s pipeline network, occasional refinery explosions, multiple lawsuits emanating from ecological disasters and the continued sale of BP’s corporate owned stations. Declining operations in several potential locations and the tensions associated with operating in the oil business are also potential threats (Black, 2011).our site Sample Essay – BP Porter Five Forces – AnalysisPorter (1980, p. 80) outlines the five forces model to analyze an organization’s competitiveness. These include threats of entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threats of substitutes and rivalry among e xisting competitors. The oil and gas industry in which BP operates traditionally require massive financial investments in very expensive infrastructure. Huge capital investment is necessary to cover expenses such as building pipelines, drilling wells, building access roads and acquiring land. BP has an asset value of $236.0 billion (Honnungar, 2011). Considering the cost of market entry and economies of scale in the industry, the threat of new entrance is low. There are a number of substitute products such as hydroelectricity, nuclear energy, coal, wind power and solar energy. However, most are still in the developmental phase, besides, the cost of production of substitute products is often extremely high. The importance of oil in fuelling cars, running industries and generating electricity makes it essential and useful to sectors of the economy (Ferrier, 2009). Threats of substitutes are therefore, low since alternative products are less competitive. The oil and gas industry have considerable number of suppliers ranging from private corporations to governments. There are also a number of potential buyers similar to BP. Besides, BP’s vertical integration in its operations is similar to that of its key competitors (Stiel, 2003). The bargaining power of suppliers is consequently rated as medium. The products offered by players in the oil and gas industry are often not much different from those offered by their competitors. As a result, buyers tend to choose products with either lower prices or that have better terms. On the flipside, buyers are many; hence even if a cross section chooses to use the products of their competitors, BP’s operations would not be greatly impacted. The bargaining power of buyers can therefore be regarded as medium. Finally, the oil and gas industry is dominated by huge corporations that produce a number of low differentiated products (Stiel, 2003). Key competitors such as Chevron, Total and Royal Dutch Shell have established well recognized brands with significant client base. This implies that BP and its competitors have all adapted a vertical integration of similar range of products. These factors coupled with low threats of both substitutes and new entrants make competitive rivalry high (Uph, 2010).our site Sample Essay – Conclusi on and RecommendationsBP is as a major corporation with significant financial backing that can be used to venture into alternative energy research to boost its manufacturing capacity and increase its global presence. The SWOT and Porter’s five forces analyses indicates that, the oil and gas industry’s major players are well established conglomerates with massive financial resources hence high level of competitive rivalry. The attractiveness of the industry makes both the powers of buyers and that of suppliers’ medium while the threat of substitute and new entrance low. BP should increase its strategic investment in R&D in order to maximize production and exploit new markets. It should also negotiate with governments and other firms in order to exploit emerging markets such as China. The company should also consider rebuilding its brand value thereby regaining its image adversely affected by the recent oil spill crisis (Honnungar, 2011). Finally, the company should streamline its business operations and production to gain competitive advantage over major rivals.ReferencesBamberg, J. H. (2000). British Petroleum and Global Oil: 1950-1975: The Challenge Of Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bruland, K. (2003). British technology and European industrialization: the Norwegian textile Industry in the mid-nineteenth century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. BP Plc. (2014). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014. BP Plc. (2014). BP at a Glance. [Online] 3 September, 2017. Available From Black, E. (2011). British petroleum and the redline agreement. Washington, DC: Dialog Press. Ferrier, R. W. (2009). The history of the British Petroleum Company. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Honnungar, V. (2011). British Petroleum Oil Spill Crisis and Aftermath Corporate Governance and Communication at BP during the disaster. Munich: GRIN Verlag Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, New York: Free Press. Stiel, P. (2003). British Petroleum: A Global Company in a Global World. [Online] 3 September, 2017. Available From: http://www.pstiel.de/fileadmin/pstiel.de/Download/english_globalisation.pdf Smith, N. J. (2011).The Sea of Lost Opportunity: North Sea Oil and Gas, British Industry and The Offshore Supplies Office. New York: Elsevier. Stock Challenge, (2012). FTSE All-Share Index Ranking as at Close on Fri, 31 October 2014. [Online] 3 September, 2017. Available From http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php Uph, C. (2010). PR Analysis of British Petroleum. New York: GRIN Verlag. Also, checkout related Essays: BHP Billiton SWOT Analysis and Porter Five Force Analysis SWOT analysis of Sainsbury’s Plc Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL, Porter) of Premier Inn (Whitbread Plc) Summary Reviewer John Review Date 2017-09-06 Reviewed Item Essay – BP SWOT and Porter Five Forces Author Rating 5

A Good Man Is Hard to Find: the Struggle of Acceptance

John Tucker Dr. Larry Composition II 30 April 2010 The Struggle of Acceptance The short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† portrays forgiveness and change as a key factors leading to emotional turmoil resulting in the death of the grandmother. Both, forgiveness and change give reasoning for the murder and reasoning to prevent the murder. In both cases Jesus Christ shows His impact on life, peoples beliefs and motives. Death, even though a horrible incident, really gives perspective of how Christ influences the point of views of both the grandmother and The Misfit as points in commitment in Him and living a Christian life come into play.The Misfit spent his whole life believing in something that was, in my opinion as a believer, wrong. It is very hard to follow something your entire life and accept something entirely opposite in the matter of minutes and ask for forgiveness making it entirely difficult for The Misfit to commit toward what the grandmother was trying to pers uade. Living a Christian lifestyle, you must take in consideration that forgiveness takes part in commitment toward Jesus Christ. Commitment is something that you do not rush into, commitment is something that takes time and is something you build.To ask for forgiveness for sin takes courage and the want to turn wrong into right. This point in The Misfit’s life is where the fear of not only commitment but change takes its toll. Changing his perception meant changing his beliefs, and changing his beliefs meant changing his life. The Misfit was not only afraid of change but afraid of the fact that Jesus may have actually arisen from the dead, resulting in his beliefs to be obliterated and his life a terrible mistake. A realization this big forced him to eliminate doubt, in this case the grandmother trying to convince him of being, in her point of view, good.But the grandmother’s words didn’t fade along with her death; O’Conner commented on her own work sayi ng, â€Å"†¦the old lady’s gesture, like the mustard-seed, will grow to be a great crow-filled tree in The Misfit’s heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kennedy, Gioia 253) Without question, In my opinion, along with O’Connor’s, the grandmother’s act of reaching out to another son of God, forgiveness and change prove to show great effect in a person’s life in this story with the result of a drastic measure ending the life of a woman leaving a mark on The Misfit’s heart and beliefs.Not only was the Misfit’s life affected by change, but the grandmother’s life took a drastic turn as well. Supporting my idea, Elisabeth Piedmont-Marton stated â€Å"As the paths of these two characters converge . . . they are both given opportunities for grace. † (Brinkmeyer Jr. , from Kennedy, Gioia 267) Case in point, throughout the story the grandmother was worried about taking the image of a Christian woman other than acting like one. Being s elfish, the grandmother only thought of herself when the location of the trip was being decided.Not only did the dispute between the family and the grandmother represent her selfishness but more importantly her desire to save only herself as the people she loved died around her. The confrontation with the Misfit gave the grandmother’s attitude a turn in the opposite direction resulting in an understanding that her life wasn’t being lived in a Christian manner. This realization led to an attempt to save the Misfit’s life and help him make the right decisions in the future through the acceptance of Jesus Christ, probably the most honorable thing a person could do in their life.The struggle of accepting Christ and following Him with Christian morals really takes part in the story and is the main reason for conflict. Robert H. Brinkmeyer Jr. , a critic on Flannery O’Connor, studied O’Connor’s work and evidentially came to say O’Connor was , â€Å"Trying to bridge this gap between believing author and unbelieving audience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Piedmont-Marton) I believe O’Connor, â€Å"Trying to bridge this gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬  truly took the struggle of acceptance into consideration judging on her history for writing short stories and their plots.Symbolically, O’Connor uses the grandmother’s words of persuasion to suggest the power that good has over evil and the desperate actions evil will carry out to avoid the fact that it is mistaken. Forgiveness and change is among the last steps of transforming evil, or sin, into what is right. With that being said, evil makes a choice relying on the quality of persuasion, in this case the grandmother portraying the fact that forgiveness and change is still an option. Talk about death being the factor that influences the misfit and the grandmother specifically through Christ.Then emphasize how Christ is the center of the internal conflict. And then broaden the very end by talking about how the story is about death and how each faith impacts decision making and how the story turns out.Bibliography Piedmont-Marton, Elisabeth, for Short Stories for Students, Gale Research, 1997. Kennedy, X. J. and Dana Gioia. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Boston: 2010. Print Brinkmeyer Jr. , Robert H. â€Å"Flannery O’Connor and Her Readers. † Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Boston: 2007. Print

Business and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and Society - Assignment Example 80). This report discusses the organizational codes of conduct that a company should possess with analytical conduct through benchmarking and implicative proceedings that ensure the sustainable relevance of such codes in the years ahead. Eventually, a conclusive section will be drawn, covering the generic scope of the focal idea of the study. 2.0a Company Background The company in this section refers to an entity that centers on manufacturing building products and services. As such, stipulations have been made to formulate the codes of conduct of the company through benchmarking the Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, Skanska, and Simpson Manufacturing Corporation’s codes of conduct. Simpson’s codes of conduct have been adopted, e.g., workplace health and safety, product and service quality, confidentiality, and the encouragement of reporting an illicit and unethical behavior (Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc., 2011). Skanska's personnel development, employment terms, proper d isclosure of information, and environmental concerns are also instilled (Skanska, 2012). Finally, adopting LP’s proposition of having an honest and truthful means of communications and compliance with laws, rules and regulations (Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, 2012) will complete the codes of conduct for the company. 2.0b Rationale of Choice of the Code of Conduct Numerous companies of today have codes of conduct that implicate a developing organizational norm and the infringement of which might entangle cost and risk. The cost is the one which melts the opportunity to use a contingently efficient management scheme, and the risk is the one which pertains to not having a solemn code of conduct (White & Montgomery, 1980, p. 86). Abiding by the legal matters can help the organization sustain its operations in the long term. Provisions should be given to ensure the safety of workers in the workplace. Because of the technological developments, the labor environment is altering as well, and the company should implement policies that further protect its workers. One of them may pertain to employment terms such as age, gender, race and other employee’s personal matters. The social and cultural aspects are altered because of the workforce variations such as oversea workers. An honest and truthful means of communication would further uphold proper disclosure of information among the stakeholders of the organization. This notion is governed by the political concerns such as regulatory policies that emerge to be mandatory in all types of organizations. Confidentiality and discouragement of unethical conducts within the company can help the business achieve its corporate goals. When all of the internal facets of the operations are well-suited to the attainments of goals, quality service will then be the next target of the company. That is a manifestation of the quality product offerings of the business. Lastly, it should not omit the importance of environment in the codes of conduct. In the first place, the environment is where everything takes place, and it should be preserved well for the next generation. The economic issues are by far the most crucial factor in developing the codes of conduct because this can affect the entire industry if the violation is proven by the

Ethics and Corruption at News International Essay

Ethics and Corruption at News International - Essay Example In considering the scandal it’s clear that the practices demonstrated large-scale institutional corruption, yet the breach of ethics outside of regular social legitimacy may not be as dramatic as they seem on the surface. The most overarching concern in terms of corruption at News International is the organizational breaching of ethical conduct. In this context of understanding it’s clear that one of the major contributing factors was organizational leadership. Stakeholder theory is a major conceptual model that investigates notions of organizational leadership. Essentially, stakeholder theory is an approach to business ethics that attempts to investigate what really counts in organizations (Phillips, 2003). While there are varying models in this area of analysis, in terms of News International, one considers the failure of leadership to emphasize ethical responsibility and journalistic integrity. I believe that greatly contributing to the pivotal breakdown that lead to the organizational corruption is the very nature of the subject matter that was covered. Tied in with notions of journalism are notions of contributing to the public good. Indeed, journalism has popularly been referred to as the fourth estate, as it can function almost as another aspect of government (Smith 2011). Following organizational stakeholder theory, ethical responsibility of the fourth estate is such that the ‘why’ of the organization is directly in-line with publically accepted means of information gathering and dissemination. This can be contrasted with many of the News International publications, most notably News of the World, which eschewed traditional journalistic content for an investigation of gossip that can only marginally be argued to constitute news. I believe, following the stakeholder approach to organizational ethics, that in this shift away from operating as the fourth estate, News International also shifted away from any coupling with ethical approaches to information gathering. In these regards, it follows that intrinsic to the very nature of gossip based journalism are organizational propensities towards corruption. One considers then that in addition to banning these forms of information gathering the government should consider banning the forms of gossip reporting that News International produces. Although it is easy and appropriate to fault News International for gross ethical misconduct, I believe the more pressing considerations are those that consider organizational elements that allowed for such practices to occur. One of the most pervasive theoretical models that one considers in relation to the events at News International is institutional theory. Institutional theory is an approach to organizations that argues despite individual backgrounds, including education and ethical tendencies, the force of the institution is such that individuals will tend towards a uniform paradigm (Scott 2004). I believe that in gre at part the most staggering element of the News International scandal is that it wasn’t simply an isolated incident. In these regards, the phone hacking spanned a number of years and involved a wide array of individuals employed by the