Comprehensive Exam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comprehensive Exam - Research Paper Example Nature and Types of Theory In order to understand the nature and types of theory, five articles in the field of ‘virtual project management’ have been analyzed. Article 1: â€Å"Patterns for Effective Management of Virtual Projects: Theory and Evidence† This research was undertaken with the intention of understanding the forms for efficient management of virtual projects. The research uses a blend of theories and disciplines in order to recognize different perspectives on the research subject. It explores the theoretical foundation of project typologies. For instance, in this research, the researcher used ‘Media Richness Theory’, ‘Channel Expansion Theory’ and ‘Adaptive Structuration Theory’ in order to recognize the theoretical concept of virtuality. The research is based on ‘Pattern Theory’ in order to understand natural perspectives on effective methods in the field of virtual project management. Theory is use ful way in this research to develop a sense with respect to different factors which impact on the virtual project management. In order to explain the theory, the researcher has also used figures. The figures help to describe different patterns on the aspect of virtual project management. ... It discovers the combined impact of leadership, personality and organizational aspects on time, scope and quality of virtual projects. The research is based on the theoretical aspect of transformational leadership, personality and other substitute factors in order to measure their effects on virtual projects. A model has been used in order to demonstrate the impact of leadership on performance of virtual projects. In this research, the major concept is to measure the impact of leadership, personality, and other aspects on virtual team performance (Strang, 2010). Article 3: â€Å"Knowledge Integration in Virtual Teams: The Potential Role of KMS† This article explores difficulties of knowledge integration in virtual team context. The research is based on communication theory in order to recognize ‘Knowledge Management System’ (KMS) in different stages of virtual project management. The research concepts are operationalized by concentrating on virtual team circumstan ces where organizations try to utilize the knowledge oriented assets. In order to conduct the research, the researchers used secondary databases for describing how virtual teams can generate challenges towards application of knowledge oriented assets throughout virtual project phases (Alavi & Tiwana, 2002). Article 4: â€Å"Getting it Together: Temporal Coordination and Conflict Management in Global Virtual Teams† The research aims at investigating the impact of chronological management on virtual teams through asynchronous interaction. The research demonstrates an explicit theoretical framework on the aspect of chronological management challenges, interaction and management of conflict within a virtual team. In order to gather information theories on non-virtual teams have

Chapter Questions From Global health 101 richard skolnik book Essay - 10

Chapter Questions From Global health 101 richard skolnik book - Essay Example Hand washing with soap kills invisible germs and bacteria that can cause infections (155). The burden of disease from natural disasters and CHE’s is massive compared with other causes of illness, death and disability. There is a surging increase in number of deaths resulting from natural disasters and complex humanitarian as compared to natural causes of death (330). This is more so because CHE’s are associated with other diseases like cholera, typhoid and malnutrition. A disaster refers to an occurrence that disrupts the normal life of human beings by causing death and environmental destruction. Disasters always require intervention from outsiders in terms of food, shelter and clothing. Examples are volcanoes, floods and earthquake. Complex humanitarian emergency refers to a situation caused by political unrests resulting in instability in a country. This strife can result from wars or religious and ethnic clashes. The civilians suffer most in this case due to lack of necessities resulting to cropping up of refugees. Examples of countries that experience this phenomenon are Sudan, Bosnia, Liberia and Rwanda (319). A complex disaster is a situation where severe destruction happens thereby leaving the inhabitants helpless and in dire need of urgent assistance, e.g. tsunamis and hurricanes like it happened in Haiti. The disaster left many people in serious need of basic commodities. Many lives were lost (317). Avoiding some disasters can be hard, but they can be handled before they can cause massive destruction. Examples are floods and earthquake prone areas. The following are steps taken to reduce the magnitude of threats; Identify the risks that can occur like Floods, droughts and famine, develop theories of what is likely to happen based on past experience, set aside resources to appoint and train people to deal with the situation as soon as it occurs

Joint Venture Analysis of Starbucks

Joint Venture Analysis of Starbucks Introduction: In 1971, Starbucks started their journey and now they are operating more than 50 countries in the world. Their total number of store is about 16,706 in 16000 locations around the world. Most of them 8850 stores are operated by the company and the rest of them are licensed store.  [1]  Globalization is a movement toward economic, financial, trade, and connections integration globally. In broader sense, globalisation implies free transfer of capital, goods, and services across around the globe. In business context, cooperation and competitiveness both are embraced by globalization. Major perceptive of depending on each other and shared responsibilities at work across company and nationwide boundaries come from idea of cooperation. The awareness developed by the idea of competitiveness that cooperation without motivation is fruitless to failure and that only practical encouragement can continuous development and growth become a normal way of life.( Globalization of business: practic e and theory by Abbas Ali) Theory of international trade: The exchange of capital, goods, services across international borders or territories is basically international trade. The crucial to the persistence of globalization is in increasing of international trade. The lacking of international trade and it caused limited goods and services produced within their own borders. There are different model of international trade for the business. Ricardian model Ricardian model mainly take in consideration on comparative advantage it is one of the most important concept in international trade theory. In this model, give importance on countries specialization in producing most excellent. The major drawback of this theory is that does not believe factor endowments like labour and capital with respective to country. Heckscher-Ohlin model The Heckscher-Ohlin theory focuses that resources required for countries producing and exporting goods. Accoding to Heckscher-Ohlin theory, a country should used most plentiful and cheapest resources in producing and exporting goods. It has some core assumption: Capital and labour flow freely between sectors Labour and capital may vary between two countries (difference in endowments) Free trade Technology is the same diagonally countries (long-term) Tastes are same.  [i]   Current situation and performance of Starbucks: Starbucks has created a global chain in market industry around the world. This company is operating more than 50 countries and their estimated turnover is about $5300 million in each year. Their main product is coffee and demand of the product is increasing globally. Starbucks cafe is very reputed and around 30 million customer visit in each week. This is one of the credit sides for the Starbucks.  [2]  Currently Starbucks seems a rising part of their business and is going to become a leading global organisation in the world. Companys global market capturing and their effectiveness in ventures made them successful in achieving organizational goals. There are many countries where are operating their business. These are: Australia, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, United Kingdom, and the United States, Bahrain, Canada, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, New Zealand, Oman, and Peoples Republic of China, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sou th Korea, and Switzerland. Their way of attracting customer attention is very important for the business to become worldwide brand that actually helping them to manage partnership of reputed company. This is positive side for Starbucks to move in future and its international market developments. This is one of the strengths for to be a foremost coffee retailer around the world.  [3]   Human resource management evaluation: Human resource management plays an important role in the organisation by managing human resource inside the organisation. In order to improve skills of employees requires learning. It does not matter how the candidate is, they can be best or 100% qualified. It can be solved by human resource management by implementing learning management system. (Beardwell Holden, 1997). Every employee should have the knowledge about the various processes that they can develop skill in specified area. They need to respond 100% in their job. Thats why human resource management and normal management need to cooperate with each other. The companys principle rules mainly focus on employees and how to guide them according to mission of the organisation. Moreover, Starbucks gives facilities to their employees by creating good work environment as well as treat with them with friendly. Starbucks also provide training to their employees for the enhancement of knowledge, attitudes and skills that they need to perform task supplied by the employer. Starbucks also motivate their employee to perform task well. They also informed to their employees about everything. Employees are also capable to work under pressure easily. They also evaluate their employees through various programs as well as developed their employees to compete globally. When they recruit people newly then they must provide training for them.  [4]   External environment analysis (opportunities and threats): Starbucks is operating in more than 30 countries around the globe including United States by Joint venture, licensing and entirely owned. For subsidiary company needs a lot of training, supervising, management assistance and technology transfer for the partner. Product innovation is very effective for them and it came out with new products. Starbucks also focused on diversification. It also entered into alliances with different company to serve coffee. International Business Expansion Strategies of Starbucks: Subsidiary Starbucks Coffee International Inc. started its journey as subsidiary of Starbucks which was formed in 1995.As a subsidiary it is liable to introduce improvement challenges beyond North America which combines stores planning and financing, logics and operational management, merchandising of business, improvisation of skilled and matured mangers of Starbucks international (Kotha and Glassman 2003) and introducing new strategy of business development. The international courses of expansion and strategies are managed by the International Starbucks as a separate owned subsidiary. Two strategies are followed when introducing in a brand new market. Licensing and joint venture are the chosen two. International Joint Venture The joint venture introduces a strategy towards managerial liabilities .A strategy for new business entity comes with shared ownership which is implied by two or more farms. The agenda of venture strategy is mostly for short time period with some particular quoted mottoes. Starbucks (Briscoe and Schuler 2004) is an example of adopting such strategy in business internationally.(Schuler et al 2003) Two or more parent farms which deeply invest resources as well as financial momentum to convince particular aims that introduced International joint ventures(IJVs) which are different organizational entities both in legal and economical perspectives. Joint venture introduces a strategy towards managerial liabilities .A strategy for new business entity comes with shared ownership which is implied by two or more farms. The agenda of venture strategy is mostly for short time period with some particular quoted mottoes. Starbucks (Briscoe and Schuler 2004) is an example of adopting such strategy in business internationally.(Schuler et al 2003) Two or more parent farms which deeply invest resources as well as financial momentum to convince particular aims that introduced International joint ventures(IJVs) which are different organizational entities both in legal and economical perspectives. Manufacturing and foreign joint venture; licensing and joint venture; franchising and joint venture are example of combination market entry strategies. Licensing and joint ventures are the strategies that applied with Starbucks international. Mostly the stores located in USA are owned under corporation, other than USA the stores are under corporation or owned partially in joint ventures (Alexandrides and Bowers2005). Licensing Manufacturing or marketing someones good(s) for international business success depends on licensing rights. The basic way of entering in new location of business through showing positivity to the binding of contract .Such as; licensing the goods, technology help to other farm and absolute services. In return for royalty payment; the corporation sells a particular right to introduce and advertise the good under these criteria. Starbucks does not need to undertake any monetary actions for partnership investment under this particular method. It is an amicable way to get access in international market. Starbucks can also benefit from granting license to a licensee that is more familiar with the market.  [5]   Entry strategies in action: Strategic alternative options for Starbucks: Having analysed the external and internal forces of Starbucks it is now possible to generate three possible future strategic decisions. These strategies will be analysed thoroughly before one of them is recommended as the best way forward. The options I have chosen to analyse are Diversification, Mergers and Expansion. If a business is in diversification, it starts making new products or contribution new services. Businesses can diversify in two ways; related and unrelated. I propose Starbucks attempt related diversification; by this I mean diversification reflecting some connection with the organisations activities. Starbucks is successful in appropriate development method or not: The path chosen by Starbucks is the appropriate way to expand the business globally considering every aspects and expertise of the business. Strategy like licensing and joint venture helped to uplift the quality and service of Starbucks. As mentioned earlier Starbucks adopts the partnership method with a local experienced farm. This method delivers vast opportunities to scrutinise the local consumers more closely. As a result it was easy to cope up with the local consumers expectations and inject success in the business. Alternative methods might be suitable for the company: Strategy like franchising or cross-selling can be elected by Starbucks when entering in a new region. It is more licensing alike. Company like McDonalds which represents the perfect example of franchising. In the scenario of McDonalds, the real company allows franchising terms to other current farms to deliver their goods. Other than North America every business of Starbucks is owned partially. On the other hand, McDonalds is a representation of franchising which is owned by separate corporations. Starbucks may adopt method like franchising. In the franchising method, the relation is more parallel between both parties. In this strategy the franchisee is more controlled by the franchisor. Starbucks use of different methods in different markets: While entering markets the strategy may vary place to place. Before making any further entry to a new market a company must keep certain countable factors to make the investment successful. Internal as well as external facts should not be ignored. Starbucks does assessments like ethical, economical, sociological, industrial positioning and other factors. There are three important groups of facts which are assessed prior accessing in a new market. Environment of business in that very country, environment of home country and important factors of company are the must do three. Political stability of business, conditions like macroeconomics, potentiality of resources, size of the market and internal economical relation are included in host country environment. Factors like expansion of foreign economy, conditions of market and government positivity towards foreign exchange are included in host country environment. Resources of company and capabilities of the farm are included under compa ny specific environment. Development Mode can be combined with other Expansion Methods: Starbucks believes to accumulate different methods to inject success in the business. It adopts the licensing strategy to ensure the quality of the product and services are good enough to please the consumers. Licensing is the way of expanding and at the same time; joint venture applies for the growth or development of the business. Starbucks scrutinises the external countable factors at the entry level of new locations. On the basis of three must do assessments; it considers the strategies that should be undertaken. The best locations and targets are chosen on the result of the analytical assessments. The success of the business depends on the entry level strategy and operation of assessments. The success of the business does not only a result of best location; it is also a accumulated events of proper planning, entry level operation and funding. The home country methods generally come along with the strategies named Corporate and business level.  [6]   Starbucks joint venture and strategic alliance: Starbucks need for joint ventures and strategic alliance to move forward: In 2004, Starbucks was operating in more than 25 countries but now they are operating more than 50 countries around the glove. There are many advantages in being part of a joint venture. Through joint ventures it is possible to gather knowledge about the countrys culture, language, political system, and business systems.  [7]  They are already holding strong joint ventures with good strategic alliance in different countries in the world. They have established strong reputed brand image of their product. They are now getting full culture support from different countries by understanding the need for people, which reflect their good strategy in business. If we compare with the current market situation, we found that their consumptions of coffee is around 50% in Europe with in big tradition of coffee consumption in people And they are good in gaining market share. In Asian market coffee consumption is around 15% with high market impending. Starbucks dont need joint expansion of vent ures because of high dominating power in current international market with established brand name and image. They have huge manpower as well and high standing reputation in the market and they dont need to spend more on advertising.  [8]   Starbucks are now as a top level company in the world and also they are paying high salaries and benefits to their employees. Further if they will go for joint venture their might have the possibility of losing customers. Employees who they are working now do not feel to leave because their way of treating is very friendly with employees by maintaining high standard. They already have strong strategies and good product innovation system because of good holdings in the market. Starbucks are now selling ice cream outside of their different stores and super markets; they are getting good response from there, just because of their established brand name. Starbucks are continuously developing their strategies for running business in different countries around the globe and with high effectiveness. They are also spending more on value chain recruitment and payment to customer service. Starbucks are now finding new locations for the business and their business plans, mission, aims and corporate social responsibilities these all they doing from the part of good strategy they have. Without these they cant move forward and cannot be competitive in the market as well. Factors that can lead to Starbucks success: Innovation Through inducing of environmental friendly products Customer safety maintain Store facilities should be improved Some steps should be taken on-Need employee motivation through incentives and job satisfaction as well. The location of their company must be strategic. They also need to improve corporate social responsibilities though helping farmers in their livelihood as well as their houses, irrigation system etc. The company have focus on pricing strategies by comparing demand of product. They will have to focus on neglected customer and need research on tea speciality market.  [9]   Conclusion: Starbucks has now become leading multi-national company in the world by operating more than 50 countries in the world though establishing a leading global brand. Globally they are established and running their business effectively. They also change the concept of coffee shop into different manner like it can be meeting place, dating place or business place. My research: In 1971, Starbucks started their journey and now they are operating more than 50 countries in the world. Their total number of store is about 16,706 in 16000 locations around the world. Most of them 8850 stores are operated by the company and the rest of them are licensed store. In 2004, Starbucks was operating in more than 25 countries but now they are operating more than 50 countries around the glove. There are many advantages in being part of a joint venture. Through joint ventures it is possible to gather knowledge about the countrys culture, language, political system, and business systems. They are now getting full culture support from different countries by understanding the need for people, which reflect their good strategy in business. If we compare with the current market situation, we found that their consumptions of coffee is around 50% in Europe with in big tradition of coffee consumption in people And they are good in gaining market share. In Asian market coffee consump tion is around 15% with high market impending. Starbucks are now as a top level company in the world and also they are paying high salaries and benefits to their employees. Further if they will go for joint venture their might have the possibility of losing customers. Employees who they are working now do not feel to leave because their way of treating is very friendly with employees by maintaining high standard. They already have strong strategies and good product innovation system because of good holdings in the market. Starbucks are continuously developing their strategies for running business in different countries around the globe and with high effectiveness. They are also spending more on value chain recruitment and payment to customer service. Starbucks are now finding new locations for the business and their business plans, mission, aims and corporate social responsibilities these all they doing from the part of good strategy they have. Without these they cant move forward a nd cannot be competitive in the market as well. To be successful in future Starbucks should focus on employee motivation through incentives and their job satisfaction as well. The location of their company must be strategic. They also need to improve corporate social responsibilities though helping farmers in their livelihood as well as their houses, irrigation system etc. The company have focus on pricing strategies by comparing demand of product.

Assimilation “Housing Indigenous Australians in the 1970s” Essay

Since the 1970s the Australian Government started focusing on establishment of houses for Indigenous people in reserve, remote and very remote areas Indigenous housing programs as. Numbers of housing commission "HC" has been built under what has called the Housing for Aboriginal people â€Å"HFA† (1) Consequently, Aboriginal people started moving from overcrowded private rental homes and government houses to public housing tenants in suburban estates. For many Indigenous Australians, this experience negatively affected their obligations to family and community and their conventional pattern of life, because it was based as much on class relations and colonialism view. For this reason, white settlers was justifying the Indigenous people inadequacy participate in social life and / or to assimilate to racist terms, as demonstrating their genetic / biological unsuitability for â€Å"sophisticated life" (2). By another word, white people were represented the problem as social adva ncement rather than determinants of better social and health circumstances. In all of these forms of policies and acts, the expectations by white settlers was that Aboriginal people did not have adequate culture to be able to participate in normal social life. The standard of the education, childrearing nuclear family life, neighbourly interaction, hygiene and clean housing were the fundamental elements around these housing programs. On the other hand, Aboriginal people were needed to absorb these to be able to leave the poor conditions and to acquire citizenship rights (4). This essay will explore the cultural and social and negative impacts of New South Wales Housing Commission (HC) during 1970s, at the end of what is called as the Assimilation Era and impacts of ... ...ious Aborigines people in New South Wales found out some important connections between prevalence of those psychiatric disorders and the circumstances in the housing commission. These findings recommend that some conditions involved adaptation to the normal life circumstances within the whole society and/or accumulative new behaviour increases the vulnerability of illicit drug use and depression. (8) Furthermore, higher levels of at-risk behaviors have been noted among Aboriginal adolescents during the assimilation era. These behaviours include poor physical health, risk factor for disability, face a self-assessed health disadvantage, aggressiveness and emotional distress. However, this may bias by the disproportion of socioeconomic factors. By another word, lower socioeconomic level increase the risk of such health outcomes.

Resource File and Personal Theory Paper Essay

Resource File â€Å"Psychotherapy is a process that focuses on helping you heal and learn more adaptive ways to deal with the problems or issues within your life. It can also be a supportive process when going through a difficult period or under increase stress such as starting a new career or going through a divorce. Generally psychotherapy is recommended when a person is struggling with a life, work or relationship issue or a mental health concern – and the issues or concerns are causing the individual a great deal of pain or upset for longer than a few days or interfering with someone ability to go through their normal day† (Grohol, J., 2014). Behavioral theory is that personality is a result of the interaction between an individual and their environment. It is focused on observable and measurable behavior rather than mental or emotional behaviors. Cognitive is a form of psychotherapy that empathize the role that your thoughts or cognitions claim making you depressed, anxious or angry. This form of psychotherapy that we call cognitive therapy has been shown to be quite affective in helping reduce depression, anxiety, suicidal risk and marital problems and has been helpful with patients who are on medications who are psychotic or have bipolar disorder. System theory is all about what it sounds like –system and it’s the theory of systems which involves the study of their components and how their components interact and basically the dynamics of systems. System is a collection of objects where theirs objects undergo change. A system can be quite broad – it doesn’t have to be one particular thing. The idea behind systems theory is that it’s an all-encompassing general theory about all seems involving objects that undergo change. Multicultural is a type of psychotherapy that  sees all people as cultural beings, that all of our actions thoughts and feelings involve culture. Traditionally we might see culture as evolving ethnicity but it involves all sorts of factors like language, sexual orientation, disability, gender, age, class, education level, where you grew up, religion and other cultural dimensions. Personal Theory Alfred Adler was born in 1870 in Austria and developed his own theory on Individual Psychology in 1912. Adler’s theory is closely related to Humanistic Psychology. Influenced by Freud, Smuts and Vaihinger, Adler based his theory on the client’s ability to live as a fully functioning adult in society. Adler’s holistic theory views each person as unified. Adler discussed birth order personality traits. Adler’s theory also discussed the roles therapists should take and the techniques that should be used in Individual Psychology therapy sessions. A major difference in Adlerian psychology compared to Freudian is the client is viewed as lacking courage, instead of being mentally ill in Freud’s theory. Adler’s belief, that a person’s consciousness is the center of their personality differed from Freud’s belief. (Wood, 2004). Adler agreed with Freud that gratification is a central need but Adler goes on to also imply that clients have needs for power, security, self-esteem, achievement and social welfare. Day (2008) emphasizes that people can decide how to state their needs, but may not be able to be in charge of their needs. Furthermore, Adler had different viewpoints regarding the theory of children’s inferiority compared to Freud’s psychosexual theories (Wood, 2004). Adler also differed from Freud because Freud assigned fixed meanings to objects in dreams. Adler felt the meaning of each dream is special to the dreamer (Day, 2008). Adlerian therapists believe the style of life is developed by age six and remains constant throughout life. Adler claimed that because society and family construct the style of life, the development of personality moves to an overall goal, instead of rather than passing through distinct stages (Day, 2008). Individual psychology is based on a growth model, therefore the belief is that everyone has the power to change, but sometimes people might lack the courage to do so. Alder believed that psychological problems are a failure of courage to deal with life’s demands (Day, 2008). Operant  Conditioning was a theory developed by B.F Skinner. Skinner focused more on voluntary behavior and how new behavior is acquired. He basically looked at what happened before a behavior and what happens after a behavior. The before the behavior he called the antecedent and the after behavior he called the consequence. Skinner authored was what happens before someone behaved in order to see if he could influence the behavior. Some elements of an antecedent could be cues and cues provide a stimulus just before a behavior is supposed to occur. Consequences occur after the behavior and can influence future behavior- Skinner focused on reinforcements which strengthen behavior and he broke it down to positive reinforcements. Another type of consequence could by punishment that suppresses behavior, for example, getting detention for acting out. Skinner theory known as Operant conditioning shows that you could learn a voluntary behavior by strengthening or weakening either the antecedent or the consequence. References Day, S. X. (2008). Theory and design in counseling and psychotherapy: 2nd ed. (pp. 174-202). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Grohol, John (2014). An Introduction to Psychotherapy. Professional Services. Wood, A. (2004). Alfred Adler’s treatment as a form of brief therapy. The Journal of contemporary psychotherapy. 33 (4), 287-301.

Global Communication Worksheet Essay

Your supervisor wants to send a brief e-mail message, welcoming employees recently transferred to your department from different regions across the company, which are Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Create a clear and concise welcome message that would be appropriate for these groups of employees. Research the communication style of each of the following countries: Brazil Russia India China Transcribe the following welcome message for the employees from each country: I wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. It’s high time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. I’m pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America. Complete the table below with your transcribed welcome messages. Also indicate whether each of the countries are more individualistic or relationship focused, and whether they are direct or indirect in their communication. Country Transcribe Welcome Message Relationship or Individualistic? Direct or Indirect?

10 Informative Essay Topics on the Politics of Educational Inequality

10 Informative Essay Topics on the Politics of Educational Inequality Inequalities abound in every aspect and sector of the human society and the educational sector are no different. And although the causes of these inequalities such as financial disparities, racism and divisive policies etc. are quite similar to the causes of inequalities in other spheres of life, the results of educational inequalities are more harmful to society. So for anyone looking to do a case study, write an essay or give a rousing presentation on the politics behind educational inequality, some timely facts on this subject matter will be provided to help you deliver your thoughts in an accurate and well-structured manner. Therefore, here are 10 facts on the politics of educational inequalities and, in some cases, their effects on society. Note that these facts cover all aspects of social life including gender, race and financial capabilities in relation to educational inequality. In the US, wealth beats smarts. Statistics on participation in higher educational activities paint a picture of the wealthy seeking and gaining admission to the top higher institutions when compared to the success rate of their smarter but less wealthy colleagues. Data from The New York Times showed discrepancies between the graduation rate among wealthy and poorer college students.   The statistics state that 26% of students from lower income households eventually graduated and this is 4% point less than the number of graduates from wealthy families. Also, a thirty year old study presented statistics which showed that in the 80s, a 31% point difference existed between affluent and poorer students graduating college while 30 years later, the percentage increased to 45%. It is no longer news that without a college degree, the average person with a high school diploma or a trade certification earns far less than graduates of higher institutions due to the over-politicization of its relevance. And the facts and figures behind this are quite staggering. Since 1979, the median weekly wage of individuals with college degrees has continued to grow while the median weekly wage of high school degree holders had continued to decline. The decline in their real median wage has been put at 22% since 1979. Race plays a part in educational inequalities due to poor political representation of people of minority descent and the focus government agencies place on schools in urban locations while shunning inner city schools. High school dropout rates are high among blacks and Hispanics but quite low among whites while college attendance rates are high among whites and Hispanics but quite low for blacks. A 2007 statistics put the numbers at: high school dropout rates for blacks are as high as 7% while college enrollment rate is at 60%. For Hispanics, high school dropout percent falls at 20% while college enrollment falls at 63%. For the white demographic, high school dropout rate is 3% while college enrollment is at 70%. The policies behind resources shared among schools in the US show clear inequalities between resources received by schools in wealthier districts and those in poorer districts. Statistics show that public schools in poorer districts with 75% of its student population below the poverty line receive less funding than schools with 50% below the poverty line and they in turn receive less resources than schools in wealthier districts. Statistics have shown that policies geared towards public education are usually discriminatory to blacks and minorities as well as teaching policies and punishment. These stats show that public school policies foster inequalities as poor students are twice as likely to be paired with minorities as well as newer teachers which affects learning continuity. Also, students from minority descentpredominantly blackare four times more likely to be punished or suspended by teachers than white students. Here we see some staggering statistics from the US Department of Education for Civil rights on how public schools with predominantly black populations are run. These poor statistics show that public schools with a predominant minority population are less likely to have access to advanced math and science courses. And these schools are three times more likely to be assigned first time instructors than schools consisting of white students. A third of schools with a major minority population were also found to not offer courses in Chemistry. Also, a quarter of these schools did not offer Algebra II to its students. Data showcases the disparities between the enrollment levels of minoritiesblacks, Hispanics and Native Americans and the corresponding admission success rates. Black and Hispanics accounted for 40% of the enrollment percentage at schools with gifted programs but account for just 21% of successful candidates admitted into these programs. The statistics provided give some evidence on how students of minority descent are punished in schools when they err. Although black kids make up just 18% of the total pre-k enrollments, they made up approximately 48% of the number of suspended preschoolers when admitted. Also, Native Americans and Native Alaskans take up 1% of the number of students enrolled in pre-k but make up 3% of the number of suspended students. Lastly, black students were three times more likely to be expelled than white students. Girls of minority descent are not also left out for statistics shows that they are recipients of discrimination. Black girls were suspended more than their white counterparts as well as more than most boys. American Indians and native Alaskan girls were also suspended at higher rates than white girls as well as white boys. Approximately one in four boys of minority descent with disabilities except Hispanics and Asian students are more likely to receive out of school suspensions. So here we come to the end of some of the 10 disturbing yet interesting facts on the politics of Educational inequality anyone can use for an informational essay. Note that these facts are accurate and will serve you well as you draft your paper on educational inequalities. Additionally we’ll prepared 20 topics for an informative essay on education as well as a complete guide to completely fill possible gaps in understanding of this kind of assignment. References: Western A, Bruce Becky P. (2010). Incarceration and Social Inequality. Daedalus, 139(3), 8-19 Celia, B. (2007). Evidence says Educational Inequality is Hurting the Economy. deseretnews.com/article/865569511/Evidence-says-educational-inequality-is-hurting-the-US-economy.html?pg=all Salvatore, B. (2015). How America Is Failing its Schools. http://inequality.org/america-failing-schools/ Students First Online Journal. (2014). The Education Crisis. https://www.studentsfirst.org/EducationCrisis United States Task Force Report. (2012). US Educational Reform and National Security. cfr.org/united-states/us-education-reform-national-security/p27618 The Nation’s Report Card. (2013). Reading 2013 State Snapshot Report. http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/stt2013/pdf/2014464NP4.pdf The New York Times Editorial. (2012). Affluent Students Have an Advantage and the Gap Is Widening. nytimes.com/interactive/2012/12/22/education/Affluent-Students-Have-an-Advantage-and-the-Gap-Is-Widening.html?_r=0

Manson Family Member Lynette Squeaky Fromme

Manson Family Member Lynette Squeaky Fromme Lynette Squeaky Fromme Lynette Squeaky Fromme became the voice of the  cult leader, Charlie Manson when he was sent to prison. After Manson was sentenced to life in prison, Fromme continued to devote her life to him. To prove her devotion to Charlie, she aimed a gun at President Ford, for which she is now serving a life sentence. In 2009, she was released on parole. Unlike most other former Manson family members, it is said that she has remained loyal to Charlie. Frommes Childhood Years Lynette Alice Squeaky Fromme was born in Santa Monica, California on October 22, 1948, to Helen and William Fromme. Her mother was a homemaker and her father worked as an aeronautical engineer. Lynette was the oldest of three children and was one of the star performers in a childrens dance troop called the Westchester Lariats. The troop was so talented that they performed around the country and appeared on the Lawrence Welk show and at the White House. Fromme Leaves Home During Lyns junior high school years she was a member of the Athenian Honor Society and the Girls Athletic Club. Her home life, however, was miserable. Her tyrannical father often berated her for minor things. In high school, Lyn became rebellious and began drinking and taking drugs. After barely graduating, she left home and moved in and out with different people. Her father put a halt to her gypsy lifestyle and insisted that she return home. She moved back and attended El Camino Junior College. Fromme Meets Charlie Manson After a ferocious argument with her father over the definition of a word, Lyn packed her bags and left home for the final time. She ended up at Venice Beach where she soon met Charlie Manson. The two talked at length and Lyn found Charlie captivating as he spoke of his beliefs and his feelings about life. The intellectual connection between the two was strong and when Manson invited Lyn to join him and Mary Brunner to travel the country, Lyn quickly agreed. Fromme and George Spahn As the Manson family grew, Lyn seemed to hold an elite spot in the Manson hierarchy. When the family moved onto the Spahn ranch, Charlie assigned Lyn to the job of caring for 80-year-old, George Spahn who was blind and also the caretaker of the property. Lyns name eventually changed to Squeaky because of the sound she would make when George Spahn would run his fingers up her legs. It was rumored that Squeaky took care of all of Spahns needs including those of a sexual nature. Squeaky Becomes The Head of the Family In October 1969, the Manson family was arrested for auto theft and Squeaky was rounded up with the rest of the gang. By this time, some of the group members had participated in the infamous murders at the home of actress Sharon Tate and the murders of the LaBianca couple. Squeaky had no direct involvement in the murders and was released from prison. With Manson in jail, Squeaky became the head of the family. She remained dedicated to Manson, branding her forehead with the infamous X. Squeaky is Arrested Numerous Times The authorities did not like Squeaky or any of the Manson family for that matter. Squeaky and others she directed were placed under arrest numerous times, often because of their actions during the Tate-LaBianca trial. Fromme was arrested on charges including contempt of court, trespassing, loitering, attempted murder, and lacing a hamburger given to ex-family member Barbara Hoyt with an overdose of LSD. The Ever Devout Squeaky In March of 1971, Manson and his co-defendants were sentenced to death, later changed to a life sentence. Squeaky moved to San Francisco when Manson was transferred to San Quentin, but prison officials never allowed her to visit him. When Manson was moved to Folsom Prison, Squeaky followed and lived in a home in Stockton, CA with Nancy Pitman, two ex-cons, and James and Lauren Willett. Prosecutor Bugliosi believed the Willetts were responsible for the death of defense lawyer, Ronald Hughes. International Peoples Court of Retribution On Nov. 1972, James and Lauren Willett were found dead and Squeaky and four others were arrested for the murders. After the four confessed to the crime, Squeaky was released and she moved to Sacramento. She and family member Sandra Good moved in together and began the International Peoples Court of Retribution, a fictitious organization used to scare corporate executives into believing that they were on a large terrorist organizations hit list because they polluted the environment. Order of the Rainbow Manson recruited the girls as nuns for his new religion called the Order of the Rainbow. As nuns, Squeaky and Good were forbidden to have sex, watch violent movies, or smoke and were required to dress in long hooded robes. Manson renamed Squeaky Red and her job was to save the Redwoods. Good was renamed Blue because of her blue eyes. Assassination Attempt Red was committed to making Manson proud of her environmental work, and when she found out that President Gerald Ford was coming to town, she stuck a .45 Colt automatic into a leg holster and headed out to Capital Park. As Ford came through the crowd, Squeaky Red Lynette Fromme pointed the gun at Ford and was immediately taken down by the Secret Service. She was charged with attempting to assassinate the President, although it was later disclosed that the gun she carried did not have bullets in the firing chamber. Sentenced to Life in Prison As was the Manson way, Fromme represented herself at her trial but refused to present testimony that was relevant to the case and instead used it as a platform to speak about the environment. Judge Thomas McBride ultimately removed her from the courtroom. At the end of the trial, Fromme hurled an apple at U.S. Attorney Dwayne Keyes head because he had not turned over exculpatory evidence. Lynette Fromme was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. A Less Than Model Prisoner Frommes prison days have not been without incident. At a prison in Pleasanton California, it was reported that she brought the claw end of a hammer down on the head of Julienne Busic, a Croatian Nationalist who was imprisoned for her involvement in a 1976 airline hijacking. In December 1987, she escaped from prison in order to see Manson who she heard was dying of cancer. She was quickly caught and returned to prison. She served until 2009 when she was released on parole. See Also: The Manson Family Photo Album Source:Desert Shadows by Bob MurphyHelter Skelter by Vincent Bugliosi and Curt GentryThe Trial of Charles Manson by Bradley Steffens

Armistice Day has Lost its Meaning

A look at why Armistice Day has currently lost meaning for American society. This is an argumentative paper that deals with the lost meaning of Armistice Day, or as it is better known, Veterans Day. The author argues that this American holiday has lost significance and meaning as a memorial day.With 500,000 cheering, flag-waving spectators lining the way, and thundering drums flanked by nostalgic Glenn Miller swing music on the autumn air, tens of thousands of proud American warriors marched out of the past and up Fifth Avenue in New Yorks largest Veterans Day Parade since the end of World War II.This 1995 parade was a victory of sorts due to the fact that, in recent years, Veterans Day observations have become, as Robert McFadden says,desultory at best, with spectators often limited to passers-by walking their dogs or heading out for a quart of milk(On Parade).This parade was evidence of a revival in veteran appreciation, and a renewal of Veterans Day as a much celebrated American holiday.But while this parade can be used to model a renewal in ceremony and e nthusiasm, the true meaning of Veterans Day, or Armistice Day as it was originally called, has been lost.

Does Proper Education On Pros And Cons Of Neonatal Circumcision Help Research Paper

Does Proper Education On Pros And Cons Of Neonatal Circumcision Help Parents Make A Better Decision On The Procedure - Research Paper Example In the United States, more than half of newborn male babies are circumcised although the numbers have been dwindling in current times (Androus, 2011). Notably, there are no religious or medical reasons compelling the parents who circumcise their male babies to do so, implying these circumcisions are nonmedical and non-religious. Whether there should be educational programs guide parents on neonatal circumcision and its benefits and cons has been the subject of heated debates in the health sector and the public sphere for quite some time pitting the opponents and the proponents of education on neonatal circumcision against each other. While some support neonatal circumcision as good for newborns’ health, others oppose it, making parents even more confused about the procedure. They hence make decisions on neonatal circumcision based on what their friends and relatives feel, think, and say. That is, their decision is not influenced by well-informed expert opinion; rather, it is t he emotionality with which their friends and relatives advise them that determines their decision (Aston, 2002). For parents to have a good understanding and perception of neonatal circumcision and its pros and cons and to make the right decisions, education and other awareness programs are highly recommended (Aston, 2002). That neonatal circumcision has become a rather controversial and fiercely debated health and social issue is evident in the many literary works that research and publish on neonatal circumcision. Literature Review A quick review of literatures available on neonatal circumcision and circumcision in general reveals that both the pros and cons of neonatal circumcision have been covered in equal measures. Specifically, a lot of literatures covering the pros and cons of neonatal circumcision touch on its health care implications. There are several advantages newborn male babies and their parents could derive from neonatal circumcision. First, neonatal circumcision is an easier procedure compared to later life circumcision since the circumcised penis is allegedly easier to care for in early stages of growth and development. Second, circumcised babies report less incidences of urinary tract infections compared to uncircumcised children. The other general benefits of circumcised penis are greater extent of protection against sexually-transmitted diseases, penile cancer, and future complications such as failure to retract the foreskin and tight foreskin (Cheng et al., 2006). Literatures also cover the cons of neonatal circumcision for which mothers should not circumcise newborn babies. These disadvantages include infections, excessive bleeding during the procedure, and accidental snipping of the glans or disproportional cutting of the foreskin so that it becomes either quite long or short. There could also be complications such as penile adhesions, scars, and tags that may necessitate surgery in future. Newborn male babies may also react adversely t o anesthetic medications used in neonatal circumcision procedures. Removing the foreskin could also make these babies’ private parts prone to stresses and friction as the glans would not be shielded from friction from clothing and kept moist and sensitive (Cheng et al., 2006). As mentioned earlier, opinions vary on the pros and cons of neonatal circumcision and it is imperative that parents seek divergent opinions on the matter before authorizing its performance on their newborns (Cheng et al., 20

Criminal court process in United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminal court process in United Kingdom - Essay Example After being arrested, you are charged with a crime hence you will be booked for appearance in a court of law. The charge sheet will contain the offence that one is charged with. I f the charge has different counts; this will also be reflected therein.   Being booked in usually involves being photographed, fingerprints taken, and disclosure of personal information. The officials will then add your name and the crime committed into the official police record. Personal belongings will be taken from you and kept safely until you come out of custody. You will be asked to sign an inventory after this. Court/ TrialLargest percentages of criminal cases get adjudicated in the magistrate’s court.   A children’s court exists as a type of a magistrate’s court (Banks, 2013.p7.). In the magistrate courts, there are exists three magistrates although at times the case is adjudicated by a single magistrate (Criminal Prosecution Service).   Then there are crown courts that a djudicate fewer cases and the cases referred to this court involve;†¢Ã‚  Instances where the accused has intimated that their case be adjudicated by that court†¢Ã‚  Cases referred by magistrates because of the gravity of their sentence, which cannot be passed in the lower court.The other set of courts involve the Court of appeal that may adjudicate appeals emanating from the crown’s court. The other set of court is the House of Lords. Judges in these courts have to ensure that they take up their tasks expeditiously to ensure that they bestow justice to every person.

Sports Sponsorship Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports Sponsorship - Research Proposal Example The research also evaluates the economic benefits, as well as, the costs associated with the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship to the city of Philadelphia and the surrounding community. Early January this year, it was announced that the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship would not be held in 2013 (Velo News, 2013). The announcement of the cancellation of the yearly race was a surprise to many people. Among those who were stunned by this announcement are spectators, race participants and citizens of Philadelphia, and the surrounding communities. However, the organizers of the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship race promised to reorganize with new partners to make the yearly race superlative in future. This means that the next Philadelphia International Cycling Championship race will be held next year, if the organizers manage to find sponsors who may be willing to commit their funds towards the preparation of the event. Given that the Philadelph ia International Cycling Championship is among the biggest, special events of Philadelphia, the race had both economic benefits and costs to the city of Philadelphia and surrounding communities. ... This contributes to the revenue of the city. Also, community members benefit because they are the suppliers of the requirements of hosting spectators such as foodstuffs. In addition, people from areas surrounding the city of Philadelphia are employed by various companies that are associated with the organization of the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship race. Other economic benefits include revenue earned from travel of the participants and spectators in throughout the city of Philadelphia and its surrounding communities (Visit Philly, 2012). Therefore, the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship is of significant economic benefit because it earns revenue for the city of Philadelphia, through charging of a flat fee to organizers and participants (Ford, 2013). On the other hand, the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship is associated with the rising city costs (PR Web, 2013). For instance, the city of Philadelphia incurred some costs in preparation of th e event when sponsors could not reach the threshold of the required funds for hosting the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship. This move was taken by the city of Philadelphia because of the economic benefits that the race brought to the city. However, the city of Philadelphia increased the charges to the organizers tremendously in 2009, a time when sponsorship commitment of TD Bank was coming to an end (Ford, 2013). Other costs associated with the Philadelphia International Cycling Championship include lawsuits. For instance, one of the organizers is facing a law suit, whereby he is accused of failing to purchase the remaining share of their joint sporting with one of the participants who died of cancer last year (Ford, 2013). Instead, the organizer had used the

Does wal-mart do more good or bad in the world Essay

Does wal-mart do more good or bad in the world - Essay Example This many perceive to be corporate nonsense. Most jobs and careers associate Wal-Mart to a corporate that pays low wages compared to other corporate in the same job category and this engenders a sense of loathing from people getting such low wages. Due to this, Wal-Mart has received much resentment and scorn from all over as compared to other corporate entities. It is also seen as a large and powerful anti-industry, anti-free market call trap as its chain of stores is destroying small towns. This is achieved by acquisition of property in rural areas, thus maintaining monopoly. The rural as well as the town folks are availed open doors to convenient, one-stop shopping venue with ample supply of products at considerable cheap prices. This improves their efficiency in carrying out their activities and thus is appreciated by many. According to Coster, (Para. 5) there is a belief among the Americans that the Wal-Mart prices override the prices of other stalls due to the ability to have la rge stores, this economically it can be said that the reduced prices result from the ability to take advantage of the economies of scale. The domination by the corporate has not won favour among many Americans as they are not keen on strategies of clout and domination. On the other hand, these low prices drive the small and local competitors out of business as they do not have the ability to compete with Wal-Mart’s pricing and product selection. This is seen as an initiative to make Wal-Mart a monopoly which will then set high prices and make huge profits after driving out the competitive players who would have otherwise regulated its price. The strategy here is to drive the small competitors to shut down due to its low prices. The corporate would then look into the future in advance and set prices of goods just below costs long enough to corner the market. Afterwards through trial and error, find a new price that would be high enough to make super-profits but low enough to k eep potential customers from driving to another town to get the same products. This new price should be able to recoup the initial losses incurred when driving away the little players in the market. In general, the picture created in a small town is an easy way to drive competitors out of business but again this small town will remain with bitter memories among its population of the pricing strategy and small enough to boycott Wal-Mart before the strategy succeeded. In a larger town, the competitors are many hence much harder to drive away competitors and Wal-Mart remains with the option of lowering its price to a low level enough to attract customers. The low prices attract the not so well off population and hence concurring with Featherstone, (Para. 4) in that it’s the poor who make Wal-Mart tick. To the well-off members of the society, expensive commodities are observed to be of sound quality as compared to cheap commodities, where shortcuts might have been used in their p roduction. To the poor, they have to survive with the little they have and thus quantity rather than quality is most considered. As such, low prices that are offered always cot down the society along the social status lines. Reich (Para.1) on the other hand is of the view that symbolic analysts who solve, identify

Reading assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading assignment - Essay Example In The Abolition of Man, C.S Lewis uses the example of The Green Book and its authors Gaius and Titius which is meant to provide English education for children (Lewis). Gaius and Titius basically created the following proposition, according to C.S. Lewis: â€Å"firstly, that all sentences containing a predicate of value are statements about the emotional state of the speaker, and secondly, that all such statements are unimportant†(Lewis). To Lewis, this is unacceptable and goes against the natural moral law as it teaches â€Å"the belief that all emotions aroused by local association are in themselves contrary to reason and contemptible†(Lewis). This means that a large part of the learning process in studying literature is being able to understand and interpret the emotions conveyed by the author of a piece. In turn, not being able to comprehend the emotional aspect or associating the emotions with something negative or of little merit, students are losing the lessons i n ethics, morals, and philosophy that often are interwoven with literature. By taking the emphasis off of this type of examination, the study of English and literature becomes much more scientific, clinical, and empty. Many of the important moral and philosophical lessons comes from literature and by threatening to take this aspect out of books or by placing less emphasis on it, the education system is not supporting the high morality that has existed in the Western hemisphere. Without this support, the moral and philosophical nature of the Western culture will further deteriorate and there will be a plethora of unreasonable citizens in its wake. C.S. Lewis continues his argument for natural moral law with providing evidence that society has lost objective truth and morality. According to Lewis: â€Å"Their skepticism about values is on the surface: it is for use on other peoples values; about the values current in their own set they are not

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance Coursework

Accounting Disclosures In Context Of Corporate Governance - Coursework Example Firstly, the framework of corporate governance should ensure that timely and accurate disclosures are made on all material matters. These matters relate to the financial situation of a company, its performance, ownership, and governance. This principle ensures that an entity will disclose all material information in its financial statements that will be used by shareholders or prospective clients to make decisions. Secondly, the corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective monitoring of management by the board and the board's accountability to the shareholders. This means that management will always be on their toes to ensure that the operations of the company are well coordinated since the board of directors monitors them. Hence, appropriate disclosures are likely to be made due to the oversight role of the board. In conclusion, the attempts that have been made to improve accounting disclosures have been beneficial to the business world. According to Oppermann, this is because; various stakeholders have attained their goals through appropriate disclosures. Through corporate governance, managers have taken more responsibility and accountability in their roles in businesses as well as the board of directors. In overall, the public has gained more confidence in financial information published by companies, as they are aware that disclosures have been made guided by corporate governance principles and the accounting standards.

Reading assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading assignment - Essay Example In The Abolition of Man, C.S Lewis uses the example of The Green Book and its authors Gaius and Titius which is meant to provide English education for children (Lewis). Gaius and Titius basically created the following proposition, according to C.S. Lewis: â€Å"firstly, that all sentences containing a predicate of value are statements about the emotional state of the speaker, and secondly, that all such statements are unimportant†(Lewis). To Lewis, this is unacceptable and goes against the natural moral law as it teaches â€Å"the belief that all emotions aroused by local association are in themselves contrary to reason and contemptible†(Lewis). This means that a large part of the learning process in studying literature is being able to understand and interpret the emotions conveyed by the author of a piece. In turn, not being able to comprehend the emotional aspect or associating the emotions with something negative or of little merit, students are losing the lessons i n ethics, morals, and philosophy that often are interwoven with literature. By taking the emphasis off of this type of examination, the study of English and literature becomes much more scientific, clinical, and empty. Many of the important moral and philosophical lessons comes from literature and by threatening to take this aspect out of books or by placing less emphasis on it, the education system is not supporting the high morality that has existed in the Western hemisphere. Without this support, the moral and philosophical nature of the Western culture will further deteriorate and there will be a plethora of unreasonable citizens in its wake. C.S. Lewis continues his argument for natural moral law with providing evidence that society has lost objective truth and morality. According to Lewis: â€Å"Their skepticism about values is on the surface: it is for use on other peoples values; about the values current in their own set they are not

Pedagogy Essay Example for Free

Pedagogy Essay Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Portuguese: Pedagogic do Proudly), written by educator Paulo Fire, proposes a pedagogy with a new relationship between teacher, student, and society. It was first published in Portuguese in 1968, and was translated by Myra Ramose into English and published In 1970. [1] The book is considered one of the foundational texts of critical pedagogy. Dedicated to what Is called the oppressed and based on his own experience helping Brazilian adults to read and write, Fire includes a detailed Marxist class analysis in his exploration of the relationship between what he calls the colonizer ND the colonized. In the book Fire calls traditional pedagogy the banking model because it treats the student as an empty vessel to be filled with knowledge, like a piggy bank. However, he argues for pedagogy to treat the learner as a co-creator of knowledge. The book has sold over 750,000 copies worldwide. [2] Translated into several languages, most editions of Pedagogy of the Oppressed contain at least one introduction/foreword, a preface, and four chapters. The first chapter explores how oppression has been Justified and how it is overcome through a mutual process between the oppressor and the oppressed (oppressors-oppressed distinction). Examining how the balance of power between the colonizer and the colonized remains relatively stable, Fire admits that the powerless in society can be frightened of freedom. He writes, Freedom Is acquired by conquest, not by gift. It must be pursued constantly and responsibly. Freedom is not an ideal located outside of man; nor is it an idea which becomes myth. It is rather the indispensable condition for the quest for human completion. (47) According to Fire, freedom will be the result of praxis † Informed action † when a balance between theory and practice is achieved. The second chapter examines the banking approach to education † a metaphor used by Fire that suggests students are considered empty bank accounts that should remain open to deposits made by the teacher. Fire rejects the banking approach, claiming It results In the demutualization of both the students and the teachers. In addition, he argues the banking approach stimulates oppressive attitudes and practices in society. Instead, Fire advocates for a more world- mediated, mutual approach to education that considers people Incomplete. According to Fire, this authentic approach to education must allow people to be aware of their incompleteness and strive to be more fully human. This attempt to use education as a meaner of consciously shaping the person and the society is called centralization, a term first coined by Fire in this book. Dimensions of human praxis. This is in line with the Lavabo Viewer Pintos use of the word/idea in his Consciences Realized National which Fire contends is using the concept without the pessimistic character originally found in Jaspers (Note 15, Chapter 3) in reference to Karl Jaspers notion of Gratuitousness. The last chapter proposes dialogs as an instrument to free the colonized, through the use of cooperation, unity, organization and cultural synthesis (overcoming problems in society to liberate human beings). This is in contrast to antispasmodics which use conquest, manipulation, cultural invasion, and the concept of divide and rule. Fire suggests that populist dialogue is a necessity to revolution; that impeding dialogue dehumidifies and supports the status quo. This is but one example of the dichotomies Fire identifies in the book. Others include the student-teacher dichotomy and the colonizer-colonized dichotomy. In his article for the conservative-leaning City Journal, Sol Stern[3] notes that Pedagogy of the Oppressed ignores the traditional touchstones of Western education (e. G. , Rousseau, John Dewey, or Maria Interiors) and contains virtually none of the information typically found in traditional teacher education (e. G. , no discussion of curriculum, testing, or age-appropriate learning). To the contrary, Fire rejects traditional education as official knowledge that intends to oppress. Spread[edit]Since the publication of the English edition in 1970, Pedagogy of the Oppressed has achieved near-iconic status in Americas teacher-training programs, according to Sol Stern. A 2003 study looking at the curricula of 16 schools of education, 14 of them among the top in the country, found that Pedagogy of the Oppressed was one of the most frequently assigned texts in their philosophy of education courses. Such course assignments are a large part of the reason the book has sold almost 1 million copies, which is a remarkable number for a book in the education field. [3] Influences[edit]The work was strongly influenced by Franz Fanons and Karl Marx. One of Firers dictums is that: there neither is, nor has ever been, an educational practice in zero space-time†neutral in the sense of being committed only to preponderantly abstract, intangible ideas. According to later critics, heirs to Firers ideas have taken it to mean that since all education is political, leftist math teachers who care about the oppressed have a right, indeed a duty, to use a pedagogy that, in Firers words, does not conceal † in fact, which proclaims † its own political

History Of Fidel Castros Leadership Styles

History Of Fidel Castros Leadership Styles This paper will discuss a brief history of Fidel Castro, his leadership styles, characteristics, and the determinants that occurred during his rise to prominence. It provides his sources of power, and further examines his effectiveness or non effectiveness as a leader. Research on Fidel Castro and his leadership was conducted through online sources which include three academic. Importance: What relationship could be found between the Fidel Castro, the followers, and the situation? What were his perceived positive and negative qualities? What outstanding traits could be detected within Fidel Castro? About Fidel Castro Fidel Alejandro (Ruz) Castro was born in Biran Cuba on August 13th 1926 to Angel Castro and Lina Ruz in the Eastern Province of Cuba. Fidel was the third child of his siblings by father, Angel Castro. Although he was born out of wedlock, he was privileged to upper-middle class living environments. He was educated in a private boarding school, attended college and later went on to Harvard Law School. At Harvard, he became engrossed in the political climate in Cuba especially as it relates to the nationalism, anti-imperialism and socialism. (Castros Biography, 2010) Castro was married to Mirta Diaz Balart. They had one son whose name was Fidelito which meant little Fidel. Her family was wealthy and Fidel Castro capitalized on this opportunity and as a result was exposed to a much wealthier lifestyle and at the same time, was able to network with key political associations. The marriage ended after six years because of a lack of financial support for his family. Mirta was his second wife. (Castros Biography, 2010) Castros enthusiasm for reform and social justice led him to the Dominican Republic in an attempt to help overthrow Mr. Rafael Trujillo. Although this attempt was not successful, this did not deter him from the fight for social justice. He was part of an anti communist party that was formed with the aim of exposing government corruption, developing strategies to gain economic independence and implement social reform in Cuba. Although his attempts to overthrow the leader at the time, General Fulgencio Bartista failed, he never gave up. He was sentenced to jail for those attempted coups but continued the fight to become Cubas leader, in an effort to make the changes he was hoping to fulfill. This long struggle was finally realized on January 1st, 1959 when he assumed the leadership of the government. He appointed his brother, Raul Castro the duties of commander of the armed forces on February 15th 1959. Leader type and history Charismatic leaders are exceptionally self-confident, are strongly motivated to attain and assert influence, and have strong conviction in the moral correctness of their beliefs (House Aditya, p. 416). Fidel Castro is a charismatic and transformational leader. Nahavandi states that transformational leadership includes three factors, of the three we identified these to define Castro; charisma and intellectually simulated that in itself helped Castro achieve the drastic change he sort for Cuba. That is the social and political reform he aimed to achieve as a leader. Were there any cultural characteristics that helped him in leadership? Would he be an effective leader elsewhere? The countrys culture played an important role in the behavior of Fidel Castro. His personality and character evolved as he joined groups and eventually they developed their own culture. Cultural characteristics affect who we consider an effective leader. In Trompenaars study of cross cultural organizational culture, Castro fits in the family category which states that they are power oriented, caring leader; he cared deeply for the poor so much that he took forceful from the rich to give to the poor of his beloved Cuba. He also was focused on building relationships but these relationships should not be overweighed by the outside source. We saw he formed partnership with a number of counterparts such Che Guevara of Mexico, the Soviet Union, Grenada and Africa. (Castros Biography, 2010 and Navandi 2009) Does he reflect any of the concepts of early theories of leadership? Castro demonstrated leadership traits very early in his childhood. Trait theory indicates that leaders are born not made. His qualities as a leader further reiterated this point. Castro had a natural ability to influence his followers. He understood the people of Cuba especially the poor. This had a positive impact on the people of Cuba especially knowing that he was not born into a poor family and was therefore for the poor. As stated in the text Contingency Era theory leadership view is that personality style, behavior of effective leaders depends on the situation in which there are placed (Nahavandi 2009). This was evident when Castro took the opportunity to be a liberator to the people in the time when they were very dissatisfied with the leadership style of the Bartista government. He saw an opportunity to gain trust and followers, and as the person he was took full advantage of the situation. His approach was successful. hence the reason for the massive followers. (Castros Biography, 2010) Castro, because of his characteristics was deemed to become a leader, regardless of the context. Research shows that Castro demonstrated an A2 decision style in the normative decision making model. Nahavandi states that A2 leaders seek specific information however they make the decisions alone. What are the traits and characteristics that make him a leader? As with all leaders he had both positive and negative qualities. In researching, it was noted that the positive qualities at his early stage as Cuban leader outweighed the negatives. His motivation helped the lower class Cubans raise their level of self esteem. He was able to manage the country well, despite the restrictions placed from outside sources namely the United States. As a result, he remained true to his beliefs and values. Most of all he was a challenger; he inspired his followers, took on great responsibilities and showed courage in the face of danger. In an effort to accomplish his goals and objectives, he took the lead in all the coups that were attempted. He never left his followers to enter the battles of war alone. On the other hand, he was a stubborn leader who led with an iron fist. At times, he was believed to be over confident and it was mainly because of his educational background and experience. (Nahavandi 2009) He was an authoritarian leader and as such he was not willing to accept change. This was evident during the early part of his leadership. He was indeed coercive; he displayed this behavior when his subordinates were punished for not following his orders. In our research, we identified Castro as a type A leader and the Nahavandi states that the characteristics and behavior that accompany these types of leaders are their need to be in control. Throughout the entire research there were reports that stated Fidel Castros need to gain control of Cuba and to be its leader. His demonstration of poor delegation, like to work alone and hard working are all characteristics which he possess and are characteristics of Type A leaders. (Nahavandi 2009) Mr. Castro is relatively medium Machiavellian because of his effectiveness as a leader and has had a history of easily manipulating his followers in an effort to achieving his goals and objectives; that was to change Cubas political climate, taking care of the needs of the poor and win support through his message and passion for his people. Careful analysis shows that based on the Myer Briggs Type indicator where he was a little of all the categories. For example, as the sensation thinker he would establish rules and regulations, jump to action too quickly at times and push others to get to the point. The others are not suited to his character. As a sensational feeler, the most applicable is the reluctance to accept change. In the intuitive thinker and feeler categories, these are the two that would apply to Fidel Castro, architect of progress and ideas and good communicator. (Nahavandi 2009) Leadership Style of Fidel Castro Based on our research, Fidel Castro has displayed leadership styles of being both a charismatic and transformational leader. He was more a dictator-charismatic leader. He was able to gather his followers through his charisma as opposed to gathering them through his external power of authority. Fidel was always concerned about the well-being of his people, especially the less fortunate ones. Thus he took away wealth and property from the more fortunate Cubans and distributed to the less fortunate. He had a vision for the people of Cuba and thus was able to use his vision through the people to expand his power. One of his visions was to ensure that the less fortunate had their essential needs. In addition, he promised the people of Cuba free education in which he delivered. By doing this he believed that he was being very sensitive to the needs of his people. Although Fidel was a charismatic leader, he frequently displayed a dictatorship leadership style. The people of Cuba were not allowed freedom of speech. Under his ruling the people of Cuba were not allowed to leave Cuba for a vacation elsewhere. People who did not support his party were reprimanded and not given equal opportunities. Some people of Cuba were even afraid to utter the name, Fidel Castro. Instead they would make a beard pulling sign in order to make someone know they were referring to him. Cubans were also denied access to certain beaches and hotels. This had caused insults to the people of Cuba. (Halliday, 2008). Another element of leadership style displayed by Fidel Castro, was his ability to be a transformational leader in that he had the ability to influence his followers ethics, values and standards. He also showed deep emotions towards his followers. He would also articulate the problems within the system and would endeavor to solve those problems. He also empowered his followers by use of his own strengths and belief. (Marques, 2010) Leadership perspectives of non-profits Leaders of non-profit organizations are associated with having a social mission which include saving the environment, feeding the home and housing the homeless. These leaders also reflect and support ideological goals. Leaders of non-profit organizations also enjoy his/her work and hence they are motivated to perform in the best interest of the organization. Fidel Castro displayed leadership traits very early in his childhood days by showing his determination and self- confidence. This came about during his early childhood days when his friends belonging to the upper class in society did not include him in their many social activities. (Marques, 2010). His leadership reflected the viewpoint from non-profits. Cuba has been a communist country from since 1950, when Fidel Castro took over the government in a rebellion. The concept of communism deals with equality for all and the distribution of wealth. Fidel believed in the equality and he saw the need to meet the needs of those who were less fortunate and those who needed to have the basic needs for survival. Hence the reason why Fidel implemented free health care systems for all Cubans and foreigners. Today, Cuba is known for performing many major surgeries. Children are given free education in primary and secondary level. There is one teacher to every ten Cuban students. Free tertiary education is also given. In terms of infrastructure, the roads in Cuba are adequate, although there are inadequate public transport systems in place. (The First Post, 2010). Communism and Socialism go hand in hand. Cuba is also termed as a socialist country. Under the socialist movement, the Cuban government owns the state and all its industries. The socialist movement allows Cubans to have free access to goods and services. The special needs of the oppressed are addressed under this system. In 1959, Fidel saw the need to socialize the economy because of the economic and political stronghold the United States of America had on Cuba. Fidel believed that the Cuba needed to trade in order to live and under the socialist system this was possible. By doing so, the standard of living was raised by the people of Cuba. The sectors in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, technically and highly educated workforce, had set apart Cuba from the rest of the third world countries. These positives all occurred under the leadership of Fidel Castro. (Durand, 2003). The absence of participative management style Fidel Castro was known for his authoritative leadership style and therefore did not allow for participative management styles. He was very authoritative and he dictated all the policies and procedures. He directed and controlled all activities without the inclusion of his members of the government or the people of Cuba on a whole. The people of Cuba were not free to leave the country as they pleased. For example, going on a vacation to another country was not allowed. Cubans can travel only if the government authorizes them to do so. He did not include his ministers in his decision making process. He would make the decisions and then advise them. They were not allowed to dispute his decisions. Fidel did not share information with his colleagues. Therefore it was difficult for his Ministers to exhibit their skills and talents. His ministers were not allowed to determine work schedules for the development of Cuba, neither were they given enough opportunities to make decisions regarding the budget for the country. Fidel and his brother Raul made many of those decisions. This resulted in his ministers and followers were not motivated and they felt that they were not given the opportunity to be part of many of the decisions he made. Because of his leadership style, creativity and innovation were two crucial elements his ministers were lacking. The only time Fidel delegated his powers, was when he got sick and was unable to rule Cuba any longer. He delegated his power to his younger brother, Raul Castro. Raul was given the leadership by Fidel Castro. The people of Cuba were not given the opportunity to vote for a leader. In this instance we can conclude that nepotism was a factor in his decision making. (The First post, 2010). Participative management is very important in organizations because leaders and managers should seek to make the most of its followers. Their followers should be given the opportunity be part of the decision making process. By doing so, new ideas can be developed and implemented for the betterment of the organization. (Author unknown, 2010). Leader of change? Fidel Castro could not be considered a leader of change because he believed that his way is the right way and he believed in the communism concept. He wanted power over the entire Cuban nation and did not want any intrusion from the outside forces, especially the United States of America. He believed in what he stood for and was very rigid in his decision making process. His autocratic and dictatorship styles were strong indicators that Fidel did not want change in his way of thinking and his decision making process. Yes he wanted change in terms on wealth and property being evenly distributed throughout the country. When Fidel came into power, rent was cut by fifty percent (50%) for people who received low wages. He nationalized the telephone companies and the rates were cut in order that civilians were able to pay their utility bill. Casinos and nightclubs were closed down by Fidel because he saw those two institutions as corruption for the country. A high percentage of the Cuban population was illiterate. Many persons in rural areas could not read or write. Since Fidel took office, free education was given to all the people of Cuba. In terms of the health systems, new training schools were built for doctors. Infant mortality rate fell when he came into power. However, he did not want change in terms of another political party ruling Cuba. Fidel was of the opinion that his leadership style was best suited for the people of Cuba. He wanted change in terms of corruption. (Simkin, 2010). Fidel was adamant about remaining in power without any interference from outside sources and he strongly believed that his country should be ruled the way in which he ruled. Because of his strong will and influence on many of his followers, he did not want to be removed from power, because he believed that he was the best ruler for Cuba. Therefore, he did not want any changes to come about regarding his ruling or leadership style. He refused to hold free elections for the people of Cuba because he did not want change. (Simkin, 2010) How did Fidel Castro develop Raul to be a leader Fidel Castro relinquished his power in February 2008, to his brother Raul Castro and as stated earlier in this paper, the people of Cuba were not given an opportunity to vote. His brother Raul was placed in his position. Many of the people of Cuba believe that Raul has many character traits as his brother Fidel, hence the reason why Fidel handed over power to him. It is believed that Fidel and Raul have a very close relationship and that Raul will follow in his footsteps. During Fidels rule, Raul was the other person he would consult with whenever he would need to make a decision. Raul, like his brother Fidel is concerned about the distribution of food to individuals who face constant problems with shortages. This was also one of the factors that Fidel fought for his people. Raul under Fidels leadership believed in the same. Raul believed in the same ideologies as his brother Fidel. He also believed that Cuba should remain a communist state, because communism would allow for the people of Cuba to have equal rights. While Raul may aim to make minor changes in Cuba, one of the factors that would remain is the animosity between Cuba and the Unites States of America. It can be concluded that Raul being trained as leader under Fidel, this issue may take a very long time to resolve, it if will be resolved at all. While Fidel was in power, his brother Raul was laying the ground work for the rebuilding of Cubas economy. Fidel was able to suggest ideas to his brother Raul to be successful in this venture. (Roig-Franzia, 2008). Conclusion Fidel Castro used his strategic insight to work his way into ruling Cuba, when people were dissatisfied with the ruling of Batista. Today Fidel is still not liked by many Cubans because the people do not live in a democratic society. They are not free to live the lives like many other civilians in other parts of the world. Because of his resilience he did not allow the viewpoints of others which is one of the main reasons many Cubans fled the country. His overconfidence revealed superiority in knowledge and his stubborn practices caused him to rule with an iron fist. The paper also outlined how effective he was as a leader in terms of getting his followers to comply with his decisions and the cultural characteristics were also looked at, and how it helped him in his leadership style. The concepts of early theories were also outlined and in addition the sources of power and how he used his power to influence his followers. Fidel showed the transformational leader he was in terms of influencing his followers and paying attention to their ethics, long term goals and standard. Despite his autocratic ruling, he was a hard worker and he demonstrated it. He also demonstrated courage in that he took risks and knowing that his way may fail. Whenever he failed, he got right back up and tried again. In terms of communication, Fidel did little communication with his subordinates. He made his decisions and executed them whether or not his followers were pleased with them. He was determined, and had the willpower to rule Cuba and thus he fought the outsiders who tried to take over from his ruling. He was never discouraged by setbacks. He saw setbacks as part of the learning process. Fidel had both positive and negative traits as a leader. This was exemplified by his way of ruling Cuba. He is a well known politician, and will be remembered by the people of Cuba and the world on a whole. He will be remembered for his autocratic and dictatorship leadership styles. He will also be remembered for helping the less fortunate people of Cuba. He was an active member of the guerilla movement. This was a stepping stone to becoming political leader of his party and ruler of Cuba. Today, many believe that his brother Raul will rule Cuba the same way his brother did. Since Raul took over in 2008, there have not been many changes in the leadership style. Raul has inherited his brothers leadership qualities. (Marques, 2010) .

gender roles in marie claire Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most prevalent forms of invisible social control is the creation and perpetuation of stereotypes. Today’s society is filled with stereotypes and the media has proven to be an excellent breeding ground. Research in the stereotype domain indicates that the media can prime stereotypes, and these primed stereotypes do influence how people are later perceived. Also the research on media priming of stereotypes generally increases confidence in the generality of the media as a prime. Television, movies, newspapers and magazines contain millions of images that feature individuals portrayed in stereotypical ways. This paper will examine the February issue of Marie Claire and the gender and racial stereotypes that are evident within the advertisements and articles. For many years society has embraced the idea that the differences between men and women are biologically determined and certain roles, behaviors and attitudes constructed by society assign and control how men and women behave and are perceived. Sex is determined by genetics while our gender is programmed by social customs. Some theories interpret that a women is tender and a loving mother while on the other hand men are aggressive hunters and are the dominant one of the family. Gender roles prescribe norms, which instruct people to pursue specific careers and lifestyles. Marie Claire, a typical trashy magazine geared towards women, regularly features stories focused on how to make women beautiful, thin, and desirable to men. Its pages are also full of advice regarding who your Prince Charming will be and how he should and shouldn’t treat you. The writers and editors lure women by strategically placing beautiful images on glossy covers amongst articles that focus on body image, style, and relationships. The advertisements and articles in Marie Claire help fuel assumptions made about the specific roles and abilities of men and women. Simply glancing at the magazine section, while waiting in the checkout line, any individual, man or woman, is able to make their own assumptions about how they are perceived and how they are supposed to behave from article headlines, such as those in February’s Marie Claire which included: â€Å"Fire up His Desire†, â€Å"Sexy or Skanky?†, â€Å"Best Beauty Bargains Ever†, â€Å"What his Cell Phone Style says about him†, and more advice related to fashion and health. These headlines give... ...â€Å"the glam goddess,† and â€Å"the classic cutie.† However, the black woman was labeled â€Å"the tropical temptress† and was dressed in very exotic clothing and jewelry. This article appeared to be drawing some kind of division between the African-American and the rest of the women by making her stand out in her clothes and makeup. One of the African-American males in the magazine was featured as â€Å"this month’s half-naked hunk.† It shows him without a shirt and includes a couple trivial facts, such as his age, height, hometown, and zodiac sign. There is nothing that gives any evidence of him as being anything more than a sex symbol, as opposed to when some of the white males were shown there was information about their occupation or they were portrayed doing some kind of positive act. Although, there was not much racial stereotyping in the issue of Marie Claire; there was not much representation of racial minorities. This magazine is full of white middle class women, because that’s what society says is right. Society creates these stereotypes and we fall into them. The media spreads these memes and they multiply. Society must rise above these petty differences and expel these stereotypes.

Silence :: essays research papers fc

Silence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Maxine Hong Kingston’s autobiographical piece â€Å"Silence†, she describes her inability to speak English when she was in grade school. Kindergarten was the birthplace of her silence because she was a Chinese girl attending an American school. She was very embarrassed of her inability, and when moments came up where she had to speak, â€Å"self-disgust† filled her day because of that squeaky voice she possessed (422). Kingston notes that she never talked to anyone at school for her first year of silence, except for one or two other Chinese kids in her class. Maxine’s sister, who was even worse than she was, stayed almost completely silent for three years. Both went to the same school and were in the same second grade class because Maxine had flunked kindergarten.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first time Kingston had to speak English in kindergarten was the moment silence infiltrated her world. Simple dialogue such as â€Å"hello† or asking for directions was hell for her because people usually couldn’t hear her the first time she asked, and her voice became weaker every time she tried to repeat the question (422). No matter what, speaking English just shattered her self-esteem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maxine covered her school artwork with black paint. In a sense, she was creating something beautiful that symbolized her futuristic ability to speak English well, then covering it with black paint that symbolized a curtain that would, in time, rise and reveal her artwork of exceptional English dialogue. Her teachers notified her parents of the paintings, but they could not understand English. So, Kingston’s parents thought of it as something bad, according to the seriousness of the teachers’ expressions about them. As her father said, â€Å"the parents and teachers of criminals were executed† (423).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Maxine was quiet in American school, it didn’t mean that she was quiet in Chinese school which started after American school at 5:00pm and ended at 7:30pm. This was her escape from English where most of the kids, including a couple of Negro kids that enrolled, could talk, shout, sing, chant, and joke around without the fear of embarrassment. Children were allowed to do whatever they wished during recess. Chinese school was where the well-behaved boys in American school played tricks on girls, and where the girls had fistfights during recess because there were no rules. They played dangerous games in dangerous areas of the school and even wandered off into the city while the teachers sat in the classrooms and â€Å"drank tea and warmed their hands at a stove† (425).

Ogilvy & Mather Essay

One of the most definitive problems with Charlotte Beers’ brand stewardship was her communicative process with upper-level management. While it may be true that Beers’ was able to develop a clear vision of Brand Stewardship and explain what that meant to her collaborative team â€Å"thirsty for change,† the idea was only a concept at the end of their meeting summit. It is essential to the success of any plan that a strategy must first be developed, and to that point, Charlotte Beers was initially on track. She brought together a team to devise a vision and plan for what Ogilvy & Mather was to become, but she never fully developed what that strategy meant and how it was to be implemented. This lack of strategy set the entire communicative plan up for failure as there never was a clear call to action to communicate. To further complicate the planning process, Beers delegated the â€Å"Chewton Glen Declaration† to others without clear, precise instructions and monitoring. Instead, another group was formed to execute the vision of Charlotte Beers, who was not only the visionary, but the only one who clearly understand what brand stewardship meant. As one employee stated â€Å"The idea of brand stewardship was still embryonic. Charlotte clearly understood it in her own mind but was just learning how to communicate it.† Delegation is necessary, particularly in an organization as large as Ogilvy & Mather, but there is still a need for oversight. Beers never defined exactly what she wanted the â€Å"Chewton Glen Declaration† to achieve and whether or not that should include an action plan. The team was left to their own devices and formulated a plan off the scant details given to them, focusing on the development of Worldwide Client Service, not brand stewardship application. Beyond Beers need to communicate directions to her development team, she never described to them the importance of why. It is extremely difficult to determine how to do something when you do not clearly understand why these  actions are taking place. The vision of brand stewardship was developed, and Beers talked about what that could mean to clients, taking the time to break that vision down for them to see for themselves, but unfortunately that never happened with management. Particularly since Beers left her team to develop the â€Å"Chewton Glen Declaration,† with little direction, the why could have helped to steer them on a clearer path. Beers decision to implement the Worldwide Client Service before establishing a clear action plan for her staff was one that only generated more confusion. The application of this new branch became a communicative distraction for employees, denying them the time to embrace and comprehend brand stewardship, and instead throwing several complicated applications with little instruction. All that this behavior led to was a collective decision to regroup, reorganize and attempt again to clearly define who and what Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide are. PART 2: One of the most important aspects of proper communication of brand stewardship and recent changes at Ogilvy & Mather will be communication channels. Ensuring that all the audiences both internally and externally are getting a clear and strategic message will aid in the execution of a successful message and application. Listed below is an encompassing view of who those sources, resources and clients are who need a clear view of Brand Stewardship and what it means. INTERNAL: †¢Core Disciplines oSales Promotion oPublic Relations oAdvertising oDirect Marketing †¢Middle Management †¢Upper Management oNorth American Office Presidents oRegional Headquarters Leaders oWorldwide Headquarters Leaders †¢Worldwide Services oFinancing oCorporate Communications EXTERNAL: †¢Clients oLocal Clients oWorldwide Clients †¢Stakeholders Although communication to all areas list above is extremely important, it is also impertinent to prioritize. Of the six audience segments outlined above, the three I would identify as top priorities would be Clients, Core Disciplines and Worldwide Services. Clients would be one of the top priorities for Ogilvy & Mather because the need to understand the concept of Brand Stewardship to invest in it, without their support of the idea the concept would be defunct. The main objects of this communication strategy would be to first and foremost for them to fully grasp the idea of Brand Stewardship and how it can work for their company. This is integral because it is not only about understanding, but it’s also about knowing the benefits of this service and what it can do for their company. With the know, I would also want them to understand how Ogilvy & Mather will go about acting out these benefits through strategy and thoughtful planning. The Core Disciplines play an extremely important role in the Brand Stewardship plan, as they are the individuals who will be executing the idea. This group would be a priority because if they do not understand the concept then neither will the client because they are the communicators, they provide the examples and final product of what Brand Stewardship really is. The main communicative object for the Core Disciplines would be for them to be able to clearly and concisely define what Brand Stewardship is. If they are able to explain exactly what the message and concept is, then they  will have completed the first step to proper execution. I would also like them to understand who their resources are, and what tools are available to them, such as manuals and other individuals in their position at other offices. This would be an opportunity for collaboration and brand integration for Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide. Lastly, I would prioritize Worldwide Services as they are the touchstone for all branches of Ogilvy & Mather. The Worldwide Services division is extremely important because they represent consistency throughout the company. One of biggest concerns within the company was fiscal equality and compensation and by knowing what Brand Stewardship is and how it’s implemented, then they can offer financial compensation equal to the work load. Also, this division is the source of communicative messaging company wide, in a way they are the stewards of the Ogilvy & Mather brand. It would important that the Worldwide Services can translate Brand Stewardship both financial, and as a resource for all branches worldwide. They represent the home base, and it will be important that they can offer knowledge and aid to all the companies that need help with Brand Stewardship. Part 3: Assess Beers’ strengths and weaknesses as a leader and communicator based on what you read in the case. What advice would you give her — in terms of her own communication style and involvement — as she prepares to relaunch the strategic change initiative? (33%) Throughout the analysis of Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy & Mather Worldwide case study, we can see many examples of her strengths and weaknesses as a leader. Beers is a visionary who is able to take an existing company with a strong corporate identity, tarnished by inappropriate leadership and breathe new life into who they are. Her strengths lie with her ability to create and sell. Not only could she envision the idea of Brand Stewardship, but she could also make clients she it with little to no resources. Charlotte Beers also had a strong grasp upon branding, and what that means for the success of a company. She knew that to have her new employees buy into her and her vision, she had to get everyone on the same page. She  worked hard at gathering people together to create a common goal, which succeeded at several times, it was her execution that weakened her vision. Where Beers lacked was the ability to turn her ideas into actual successes through planning and strategic communication.